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porsche azerbaijan Q&A Review
What would happen if Germany had been able to produce 400% more armored vehicles in WW2?
For the essential materials to be both available and to reach German factories this assumes, not crazily, that Sweden (iron ore, manufacturing capacity, ship-building capacity), Norway (Swedish iron’s export port at Narvik, hydroelectric power for aluminum smelting/refining, shipbuilding) Belgium (copper, tungsten, cobalt, chromium, etc from the Belgian Congo), Spain (copper), Portugal, Hungary (copper), Romania (oil and chemicals production), Italian Libya (oil), and Argentina (iron, copper, oil, rubber from Brazil, beef, etc.) were all active and very early (mid-1930’s) German allies instead of neutrals, conquests, active allies but later, passive allies/supply conduits throughout the war, or pretty much sidelined during the war.) That’s probably a result of changing the diplomats more than anything, Fritz Todt, Hjalmar Schacht, Fritz Thyssen, etc. in handling Germany’s supply chains in the 1930’s already knew what was needed and where it might be sourced. It would also given the Axis in Europe vastly more coastline and ports for the British Navy to try to blockade, making the blockade of key materials either very leaky or fundamentally impossible. For the production to be 400% greater it’d take: Someone like Fritz Todt or his successor Albert Speer with the sort of authority they never really had and only started to achieve near the war’s end. The endless infighting and lack of priorities among all of the German military services, weapons programs, the parallel empires Goerring and Himmler were trying to build, let alone wild cards like Hans Kammler at the Skodaworks, Oberth & Von Braun at Peenemunde and the underground rocket factories, the old line industrial plants (Opel, Ford, I.G. Farben, Krupp, Thyssen, Siemens, Rheinmetal, Porsche/Volkswagen, Daimler Benz, Bavarian Motors Werkes, Maybach, the capital ship builders vs. the submarine builders like Blohm & Voss, DWM, etc.) realistically wasted and scattered enough resources to double or triple armored production with a focus just from those savings alone. Someone (missing completely in the Third Reich) who understood workforce so starving slaves weren’t “substituted” for well-trained, well-fed, experienced production workers. The lost productivity (probably 200–300%) from slave labor, SS management methods which were especially stupid, dismal working conditions that could have been ameliorated to considerable effect, trained men being conscripted into the military especially later in the war (even the Nazi’s realized that was a high opportunity cost solution), and choosing management at factories in conquered territories by apparent loyalty to the Reich rather than managerial competence. European factories in general had much poorer workforce approaches than the British or especially the Americans, better only than the Russians, Japanese, and Chinese factories’ typical approaches to workforce. Well trained, well managed, happy workers not only produce far more and at a higher quality, they waste much less materials and components while also not breaking their tools and production equipment at nearly the same rate as slaves expecting to be shot by an SS supervisor on the spot (a fellow I knew who’d worked in an SS run factory saw that almost daily with the slave workers he worked alongside.) Germany stockpiles tungsten in the 1930’s (a shortage of foreign exchange dollars prevented that obvious need rather than shortsightedness.) That makes all of the cutters, drill bits, planers, press brakes, etc. on the factory floor vastly better at their task with much less steel scrapped or reworked. Germany upgrades it’s railroad tracks and locomotives substantially in the 1930’s (didn’t happen) as well as rebuilding and expanding all of it’s rolling stock (coal cars, oil tanker cars, chemical cars, grain cars, livestock cars, refrigerated cars, passenger cars, flatcars, heavy armored vehicle and tank-moving flat cars, and general freight boxcars as well as cabooses, locomotives, fuel tenders, railroad cranes, armored trains, and other service vehicles. That would allow materials to move far better, coal especially, to the points of use and reduce the need for months of stockpiled materials at every factory (which is really wasteful and in this kind of situation means a lot of it’s in the wrong place and unmovable.) That effectively would double or triple factory production as well. Only the U.S. and Canada actually had this sort of railroad improvement capacity during WWII and it made a huge difference. German production methods fully mirror Ford’s (with Ford of Europe headed by the former head of German Intelligence in World War I and Fordism greatly admired by Hitler, it’s a mark of how chaotic and siloed German industry was not to have fully adopted Ford’s methods of continuous improvement, waste reduction, optimized processes, cost shrinkage, machine tools utilization, dies and jigs use in tooling to reduce the need for time and skilled labor, vertical integration taking car components from raw materials to final assembly, and standardizing the work. That would have gone a very long ways to achieving that much higher production rate. One of Ford’s top team in figuring out it’s production methods, Bill Knudsen was the key man in mobilizing and organizing U.S. war production in WWII while U.S. efforts in WWI were as bad as Germany’s and worse than France, England and Canada’s. Having an engine block fall on Ferdinand Porsche so defective tank designs and dumb assembly methods weren’t his overpowering contribution would be a key starting point. With far more mechanization of German columns than walking infantry with horse-drawn supplies with a few tanks, armored cars, self-propelled artillery, and self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (the reality), with armored personnel carriers and half-tracks perhaps the much more substantial impact than more Panzer III’s & IV’s. That would allow a sustained “blitzkrieg” on the Russian front, substantially increase Russian losses well before both their own production and American lend-lease produced equipment could more than replace those losses, so 1941–1943 would be vastly different on the Eastern Front assuming nearly all of it went there. Driving the Russians out of European Russia as well as oil-rich Azerbaijan and Georgia would be much more likely and without those industrial and resource bases, the Soviets don’t realistically bounce back and retake the most productive part of Russia. Most of that equipment would be stranded or worn out in Russia so bringing much of it back to deter U.S./British/Free French/Free Poles, etc. invasion of Western Europe would be unlikely. 400% more Panther and Tiger tanks supported by that many more self-propelled artillery and 8.8 anti-aircraft guns along with the rapider response of infantry in trucks vs. walking would make moving beyond French beachheads far more difficult.
How Pakistan is satisfied by having jf 17 thunder aircrafts against her adversaries?
SHORT ANSWER : PAKISTAN IS SATISFIED WITH JF - 17 THUNDER PROGRAM SINCE IT HAS ACHIEVED THE PLANNED OBJECTIVES. ********************************************************************************************* JF - 17 THUNDER Also called Joint Fighter or CAC FC -1 Xiaolong or “Fierce Dragon”. Man didn’t put steps on Moon in the very first attempt — The Americans & Brits didn’t bring out the F-35 on their first try nor Chinese didn't manufacture the FC-31s or J-20s in couple of years. Its a journey. Every journey starts with the FIRST STEP. Designing, Building , Testing, Equipping, developing infra structure & allied industry for Manufacturing a Fighter jet is not a ‘piece of Cake’ - only 30 or so countries could Assemble a Fighter jet ; A fighter jet is an extreme complex system. And there are very few “copies”. Designing to manufacturing & testing (Engine ; Thrust Vectoring, Air Frame, Aerodynamic and Stealth Features, Avionics, Missiles , Sensors, Scanners- being the Premium High tech Requirements) is currently the capability of ONLY 10 or so highly advanced countries around the world… With a developed economy and available budgets for R & D — With an appetite to become World Powers — The US , Russians , Chinese, French & the British Top the list i.e THE BIG BOYS. They dominate the Fighter Aircraft industry and make the Latest Machines such as ,Lightning II F - 35s, F - 22 Raptors , F-15 Strike Eagles , Stealth J - 20 , Russian Stealth Sukhoi - 57s , Sukhoi Flanker E 35S , Euro Fighter’s and Rafale’s, ,. Pakistan’s Economy, Defense industry & PAF doesn’t compete in that League … Pakistan’s defense posture & program is historically based on ,Deterrence and Defense,. *********************************************************************************************** CLASSIFICATION OF COMBAT FIGHTER JETS Defining a ,Fourth or a 4.5 Generation Fighter jet,, ( New F 16s , F 15s, J 10s, Sukhois, Euro Fighter, SAAB, Rafale) It should adhere to following specs : Multi Role i.e Air to Air & Air to Ground ; All Weather Composite Air Frame Glass Cockpit Higher Thrust to Weight Ratio ; Thrust Vectoring High Maneuverability A.E.S.A radar Fly - By - Wire FBW Digital Flight control systems Infra Red Search & Track I.R.S.T High capacity data-link; Capability to Fire Advance B.V.R Beyond Visual Range BVR Missiles. Adding features of High performance Air Frames , SUPER CRUISE - the ability to exceed Mach 1 without using afterburners ALL ASPECT STEALTH WHEN ARMED Minimal Radar Cross Section - LPIR i.e Low probability of intercept radar INTEGRATED NETWORKING SYSTEMS design able to transmit and receive info from other assets — converts 4.5 Gen into a ,5th Generation Fighter…,. 5th gen fighters is supposed routinely penetrate heavy multi-layered defenses & kill high value targets. F-35 Lightning II, F-22 , F-20 & FC-31. During combat, Any aircraft can be presented with the opportunity to defeat another aircraft in a dogfight. Since cannon firing dogfights are rare nowadays, it leaves very little chance for an aircraft armed with AA Gun and visual short range missiles to be in a position to shoot down a 4th Gen or a 4.5 Gen aircraft.There are Several critical factors that affect an outcome of head to head combat ala dogfight : Skill , Training & Flying capabilities of the pilots . How much their body can adjust in maneuvers such as Thrust vectoring or cobra and make decisions quickly. Years of flying i.e Experience of the pilot on that particular aircraft as each aircraft is different. Avionics and weapons available ; Range, Accuracy and Reliability . Operational Readiness time (How quickly it can get in Air) Support from Ground Controls Maintainability and Service Ceiling Human factors such as calmness, courage to die for your country and mission, and confidence in the air. PAF FLEET & JF 17 PROGRAM BACK DROP : > Legacy ,F - 7P & J -7PG OR J - 7 CHENGDU ,Interceptor - 140 Nos > French ,Dassault Mirage III-EP & RP, ,& 5s, - Mainly Air to Ground - 180 Nos > ,Fighting Falcon F -16s, - 90 Nos (Inclusive of 20 Block 52 Versions) Total Fleet of 400 Nos. Interestingly PAF focus was for a Single Engine fighter historically. The battle of Kargil gave a wake-up call to PAF - when thier F7s , A5s , Mirage’s III & 5s were pitted against the MiG 21 Bisons , MiG 29 UBT, Sukhois 27 & MKI 30 , SPECAT Jaguars & Mirage 2000s of IAF, with only the F16s coming out as a major threat WHILE KEEPING ITS HEAD HIGH. The Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon, the first of the US Air Force multi-role fighter aircraft, is the world’s most prolific fighter with more than 2,000 in service with the USAF and 2, 500 operational with 25 other countries. SUPER 7 PROGRAM Basic design DNA … Link below.. https://www.quora.com/Have-the-Chinese-copied-the-F-16-s-design-and-made-the-JF-17-for-Pakistan/answer/Zeeshan-Syed-69 In ,1985,, a pro-India US Senator sponsored a bill that banned selling weapons to Pakistan unless it denuclearized. No other nuclear powers in the world needed to do this. Only Pakistan. Hence US Sanctions and lack of spares left PAF No other option But to go on for a program called Super J7 ( J7 being clones of MiG Technology) , the program later upgraded to JF 17 Thunder of FC - 1 , in 2001. In ,1989, Pakistan paid $658 million for 28 F-16s. The US Congress put sanctions on deliveries & planes were parked in Arizona ; with Pakistan paying $50,000 a month parking . JF17 Program was a reaction to this. Especially since Pakistan was a poor country, with its entire GDP in 1990 merely $40 billion, and GDP per capita merely $370. The amount of money Pakistan paid for those F-16s was 1.7% of its total GDP. With the Pressler-sanctions taking their toll on the PAF’s F-16 fleet and cutting the PAF from acquiring spare parts and attrition replacements for its most modern fighter, urgency for a locally-sourced fighter became critical. In 1994 the PAF accepted an offer from the China National Aero-Technology Import and Export Corporation (CATIC) to jointly-develop a new lightweight multi role fighter, then known as the ,Super-7,. "Super 7" plan launched jointly by China and US aircraft maker Grumman to develop an upgraded version of the F-7, but Grumman left the project after sanctions were placed on China by the US in the wake of the Tienanmen Square Massacre in 1989. The Super-7’s design was finalized in 1999. Later, it was decided by the PAF to decouple the program’s air frame development from the development of its electronics (e.g. radar). This was a significant change in that the development of avionics or radars was no longer dependent on the air frame, and vice-versa. This helped keep matters fluid in that should a new kind of system were to arise on the electronics front (where the industry moves quickly), the PAF could readily incorporate those shifts onto the platform without a major lag time. This helped ensure that the final product would be in line with the expectations of the day it rolls out, not the day when it is finalized on the drawing board. - The Engineering benefits Pakistan gained by cooperation on the F7 Plane paved way to the JF17 thunder a future for Pakistan's air force. Hence JF 17 Program has a DNA from “, Super F7 Program,” between Chegndu CAC and PAF initiated in around 1998 - 2001. The first prototype rolled out and flew in 2003, and the Super-7 was given a new name –, JF-17 Thunder. ,Designed by the J-20 Famed Chinese numero uno, Aircraft Lead Yang Wei, With US and Europe not available , Next logical source of Upgrading was USSR. But Pakistan didn't had any links with Soviets for a direct TOT. Smartly they went for the most trusted partner China . The Chinese themselves in the process of developing J 10s and J 20s , were making Fighter Aircrafts for years with Collaboration of Soviets and inputs from ,Israel LAVI Project, from where the US inputs were received. Chinese Giant Chengdu Corporation CAC had the license under USSR technology. To be straight - Current Fleet of JF 17s Block I & II are not to compete against the BIG BOYS Rafale’s or Sukhoi SU -35.They are different air crafts (For Example Air Superiority Fighter is Sukhoi). PERFORMACE EVALUATION & SATISFACTION BLOCKS I & II Joint Fighter or FC -1 is a very focused program —JF 17 Blocks I & II were meant to be a Single Engine (for a lesser width geographical condition), Cost effective, Indigenous maintained, Light Weight, Multi role, upgraded 4th Generation, Affordable modern fighter Aircraft and was configured accordingly. Block 1 aircraft was a modest beginning , they were fitted with lesser ranged Radar and Radar Warning Receiver. In Block II aircraft the radar detection range was greatly improved . plus several other improvements such as in Cockpit Design , Mid Air Refuel , Avionics and Firing Pod. As an owner of the JF-17 program, the PAF has the freedom to set the JF-17’s Improvement path according to its own needs and objectives. Just like a Toyota Corolla or a Honda Civic has its share in market of Big Boys of Mercedes , Porsche, BMW and Lexus , the JF 17 Block I & II serves its intended purpose for its makers and Customers : To form a backbone (Core) of 300 to 350 Fighters by replacing Legacy F 7 & Mirage III & V of 1960s operated by PAF, To assist F-16s , which is still the strategic potent weapon of PAF… Hence in its class - JF 17 is Value for money & one of the Top most.. BASICS AND AIR FRAME The aircraft has basic dimensions of 14.9 m length x 9.4 m wing span & able to achieve 1,960 km/h speeds , JF 17 is comparable in thrust and weight levels to the Swedish Gripen. The JF-17 is an intriguing design & uses the classic fighter design platform. In shape, JF 17 Thunder has similarities with Northrop F-20 Tigershark. It incorporates heavily off the shelf tech to lower the price and dramatically increase price to value ratio in its favour. Air-frame is of semi-Monocoque structure and is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours, or 25 years. Air Frame is certainly competitive with the F-16, being slightly ‘Aerodynamically cleaner’ , with a Lower wing loading , addition of LERX on the design and clipped delta wings. POWER PLANT As for the Engine - In absence of any US or European assistance expected , JF 17s designers opted for a Proven & Robust Russian Engine named Kilmov RD 93 Turbofan Power plant . The Engines were Built in China under License, provides 49.7 kN / 51.2 kN dry thrust and 84.4 KN with After Burners . These engines may be called as a modified MiG-29 Fulcrum engine (MiG uses RD - 33 Engines ) ; where as the F-16s uses P& W or GE Engines. JF 17 Engine intake is different from F 16, it features include side air intake, non-movable which limits top speed to Mach 1.6. . However the position and shape of the JF 17's inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during maneuvers involving high angles of attack. JF - 17 has a highly modern DSI intake with LERX and modern wing design. Jf-17 also uses composites in certain areas which is increasing with blocks 2 and 3. Mid Air Refuelling has increased the range of operations significantly. RADAR & SCANNING CAPABILITY Radars were provided by Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) , X Band Airborne Fire Control Radars FCR were used Compatible with Thales RC 400. Block II had Radar Modified version of KLJ-7V2 and increased range ~1115-120 km.The KLJ-7V2 has multiple modes, both Beyond Visual Range (BVR) and close-in air-to-air modes, ground surveillance modes and a robust anti-jamming capability. The radar can reportedly manage up to 40 targets, monitor up to 10 of them in TRACK - WHILE - SCAN (TWS) mode and simultaneously fire on two BVR targets. The detection range for targets with a Radar X Section of 3 square meters is stated to be ≥75 km (≥35 km in look-down mode). Surface sea targets can be detected at up to 135 km. SPS - 100 ES Radar Warning Receivers R.W.R are installed with max range 225 kms. WEAPONS The EW suite of JF 17 known as 'Defensive Aids System (DAS)' includes RWR, EW suite, MAWS, Radar Jamming Pods, Targeting pods like FLIR and Chaff Dispenser. As far as Weapons go - Plane is Fitted with 7 Hard Points - 02 the tips of the wings, 04 under the wings and 01 on the belly of the fuselage. This allows it to carry the beyond-visual-range radar guided SD-10 missile and the PL-9 short-range, infrared-homing air-to-air missile, as well as air-to-surface missiles, such as anti-ship and anti-radiation missiles, laser-guided bombs, anti-runway penetration bombs and cluster bombs. It can also carry three high-capacity subsidiary oil tanks. It can carry a total of 3.6 tons externally. Also fitted with a Chinese double-barreled 23 mm aircraft gun. Another JF 17 possible configuration is being armed with hyper-sonic anti-ship CM-400 AKG missiles (The CM-400 AKG is a very high-speed missile that is very tough to intercept. It hits the target at Mach 4 or above and its kinetic impact alone is enough to destroy any high-value target, like an aircraft carrier). AIR TO AIR BEYOND VISUAL RANGE B.V.R SYSTEMS - The aim is to achieve ,‘First - Look’, ‘First - Shoot’ and ‘First - Kill’, capability i.e. to engage and destroy enemy aerial targets even before they sense the presence of own predator aircraft. Air-to-air missiles are broadly put in two groups. The first consists of missiles designed to engage opposing aircraft at ranges of less than approximately 20 miles (32 km), these are known as short-range or ‘within visual range’ missiles (SRAAMs or WVRAAMs) and are sometimes called ‘dogfight’ missiles because they emphasize agility rather than range. These usually use infrared guidance, and hence, are also called heat-seeking missiles. The second group consists of medium- or long-range missiles (MRAAMs or LRAAMs), which both fall under the category of ‘beyond visual range’ missiles (BVRAAMs). BVR missiles tend to rely upon some sort of radar guidance, of which there are many forms, modern ones also using inertial guidance and/or ‘mid-course updates’. One of the best is US AIM-120 advanced medium range air-to-air missile (AMRAAM). PAF already is familiar with AIM-120C-5 AMRAAMs , which it uses to arm its F-16 C/D. China's indigenous equivalent to the AMRAAM is the PL-12/SD-10, claimed to use the seeker and other components from the Russian R-77 AMRAAM-ski. R - 77 has speed of 4 mach and can operate at altitudes as 25000 m high, a firing range of 110 km, its multi-purpose target engagement capabilities and resistance against countermeasures are among the best in the world. Credited with competitive performance against the AMRAAM, the PL-12 has a range of approximately 92 kilometers. It is also deployed on the Su-27, Su-30, J-10. The PL-12 has an option for ‘home-on-jam’ mode that allows it to passively track and engage an emitting target, without ever using its own active radar or a radar from the launch aircraft. This capability is the foundation on which the capability of anti-radiation missile is developed. JF 17 Carries two ,SD-10, mid-range air-to-air missiles (PAF Older F16's only had W.V.R With Visual Range ability and inferior to IAF Sukhoi) & ,02 Luoyang’s PL-12 active-guided BVR AAM Air to air missiles, . ,Sidewinder AIM-9L can also be Armed in JF 17 pylons. in Naval support role, JF 17s can be fitted with 3 X C-802 AK Anti-ship missiles, with a range of 190 Km, while in other configurations - it can carry YJ - 12 Anti ship missiles & the Chinese LT-3 glide bomb with 20 meter CEP accuracy plus 40 Km glide range. Jf-17 now carry Two missiles on One hard point using Dual racks. The Angle of Attack [AoA] of JF-17 is 26 degree [the F-16 has an AoA of 28 degrees]. Thrust to weight ratio is the JF-17 is 0.95. Most modern Chinese air-launched weapons, such as the short-range PL - 9C and the beyond-visual-range Advanced PL - 12 Air-to-Air missiles are supported by the KLJ-7. It has been reported that KLJ-7V2 also has modes to support a range of NATO weaponry. JF 17 “ ADVANCED 4TH GENERATION VERSION” BLOCK III VARIANT UNDER FINAL DEVELOPMENT - PRODUCTION COMMENCES IN 2019 Despite the arrival of the technologically advanced - yet cost prohibitive - ,5th Generation Fighter,, the 4th & 4.5 Gen Fighter will still remain the potent multi role platform of choice. Its co-produced by Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) and the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). The JF-17 will be the cornerstone of PAF air power in the early part of the 21st century. This 4.5 generation Block III is the most lethal. The addition of Block 2 fighter planes will be completed by 2020 & there after PAF Plans to induct 28 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft within the next 2 -3 years. The subsystems on the Block-III are of the same technological found on the ,JAS-39E/F Gripen,. The Block-III will not be a “cheap”, but in comparison to many of the alternatives, it will still be among the most ,cost-effective,, especially given the capabilities that are expected to be on offer. New Block III is a Light Weight Mutli Role , Advanced version. Estimated Starting production in 2019 - 20. With the introduction of the major upgrading , Block 3 is as deadly as the F 16 Block 52 & Su-30MKI. It has ,'Composite Airframe', (graphene-titanium) which has low readar signature and to reach speeds Mach > 2.0 New Block III Engine Uses Upgraded Engine. A higher thrust engine RD - 93MA . or A WS Variant with Thrust Vectoring ,Guizhou WS-13E Taishen Engine with 22,450 lb thrust with After burner.,The WS-13 engine is 4.14 meters long, 1.02 meters in diameter, weighing 1,135 kg. The engine will have a major repair interval of roughly 810 hrs, service life span 2200 hrs, both far exceed the RD-33 engine. Utilities ,All - Axis FBW Technology ( Fly - By - Wire), Digital Flight control systems. Infrared Search and Track ,(IRST) Equipped with ,Active Electronically Scanned Array KLJ-7A (AESA) radar . ,AESA Radar system is the latest in Military Aviation. Most of the Modern aircraft such as F-22 ,Su-35 ,F-35 Etc use this Radar. It can detect targets for greater ranges than previous versions and it is very hard to Block by Enemy Radars . In addition , these radars also have high resolution ground and sea Mapping technologies that provides it with Precise , ‘All’ Weather, Day / Night Mission capability against Ground or Sea based targets. Pakistan Air Force (PAF) acquired ,Advanced Targeting Pods – ASELPODS, – for integration with the JF-17 Thunder III. These advanced targeting pods has equipped Pakistan’s JF-17s with the ability to deploy laser-guided air-to-ground missiles (AGMs) and laser-guided bombs (LGBs) along with ground attack capabilities with precision strike. A HDM/S Helmet mounted sight system, : Jf-17 Block 3 will be equipped with HMS . ,Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS),, paired with a MBU-5/P oxygen mask. With HMS ,Pilot can track and lock on target without Having to use it instruments.Pilot just have to move its head towards the target and the Missile will lock on target.This enables pilot to view around its cockpit to lock on target instead of turning to that direction. ADVANCE WEAPONRY, Fitted with 11 Hard Points and more advanced Beyond Visual Range B.V.R Systems such as Newest Chinese PL-15 ranging 170 km . The build up of Weapon systems to augment the next generation of Fighters is part pf JF 17 and Azm programs. ,The Ra’ad is capable of delivering miniature nuclear warheads. RAAD (HATAF VIII) ,is a Air launched Cruise Missile, with Stealth technology, with reported ranges of 550 kms. In the long-term, there are other ALCM-related possibilities. For example, precision-guided sub-munitions such as the BLU-105 enable the AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM) to engage multiple targets in an area, such as armoured formations, air fields, air defense sites, and dockyards, among others. ACTIVE SQUADRONS in PAF & PROVEN EXPOLITS OF JF 17 THUNDER The Thunder will become the most numerous jet in the Pakistan Air Force and could be capable of delivery a wide range of missions including nuclear. J F-17 first squadron was completed in early 2010. Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) formally handed over the JF-17 multi-role fighter to Minhas Air Base’s No. 14 squadron (named the “Tail Choppers”) on Thursday, 16 February 2017. With No. 14, the PAF operates five JF-17 units comprising of four operational fighter squadrons (Squadrons of 18 - 20 Fighters namely No. 2, No. 14, No. 16 and No. 26 and a training unit at Combat School C.C.S. A 5th Squadron Named No 28 Multi role Squadron and stationed at PAF Base Samungli near Quetta, making Total Tally to 100 Plus Aircrafts - with aleast 02 full squadrons of Block II Advanced Variant . JF 17s have proven some mettle in Pakistan’s war against Terror in North Waziristan. Pilots of JF 17s saw action in operation Zarb-e-Azab and reported the aircraft as combat-worthy. The JF-17 Pilots of No.26 Squadron “Black Spiders” are noted for their exploits in War on terror. Hence It has a War proven ability in War on Terror in Tribal areas. It has participated in various Air Shows and War Exercises with various countries and had impressive reviews. Export orders are now lining up from Myanmar, Nigeria , Bangladesh , Iran , Malaysia to name a few. Some experts inquire why the Chinese PLAAF didn't induct JF 17 in its Fleet. Answer is simple - They have different Threat perceptions for which Twin Engine Long Range Fighters are more suited. Plus they are a bigger economy and thier competition is with Super powers of the world.. Still If one has an appetite for High Tech and High Budget - Well then instead of going for a 25 MUS$ JF 17 , Go for a Raptor….Each F22 (5th gen fighter) costs a whooping $340 million…Plus the costs to operate the Raptor is huge. Imagine being a 3rd world or developing economy — You can buy 7 to 8 F-16s in a price of Single F-22. Or you can buy over a dozen JF-17 in a price of one Raptor…! SUMMARY & CONCLUDING THOUGHTS Some important to bear in mind in evaluating JF 17 Aircraft are : JF 17 was aimed to provide a platform for PAF to learn to develop its own fighter jet, to develop the defense industry of Pakistan and to induce the learning of PAF by operating F-16 s for over 20 years back then into one of their own air crafts. It is only now that the aircraft development in the country is gaining critical mass, thanks to JF - 17 Program. Repeated US Sanctions - Planes not handed over to PAF by US despite 100% payments - F 16s becoming non operational due to non availability of Critical Spares - Hence No other option was available. Its Block I was never the ‘ End target ‘ . It was aimed to equip facilities for future advancements. It was to replace Legacy fleet of F-7 & Old Mirage III & V. JF-17 Block I was not assigned "Air superiority Role " (multi role fighter) Used for various roles in eliminating terror camps in North Waziristan and proved its worth. Many features similar to F 16. That’s why PAF Pilots love them. JF-17 Block III is the main target. All modern tools are incorporated. AESA / HMD/S , BVR AMARAM, Air Refuel etc. Price worthiness is a big advantage., Hence A 4.0+ Gen fighter jet at 30 MUS $ has a great export potential. Myanmar , Nigeria , Srilanka, Malaysia , Argentina, Bulgaria, Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Gulf etc PROJECT AZM OF PAF Buying latest F 16s , Chinese J - 10 , FC - 31, J 20 & A Fifth Generation Fighter with Turkish cooperation TFX stealth fighter,. - are few options being sought to develop the Tear away weapon along with JF 17 Block III. (Project Azm of PAF). The current development on a 5th Generation Fighter jet for PAF is on one hand dependent on Chinese ; on the other hand it is also linked to Turkey as described above. They call it TFX , which is being developed with the Turkish Aerospace Industry with BAE System as a partner. BAE System took this road to demonstrate its independence from Europe which is currently under going a separation process from the EU called the BREXIT. Germany and France have formed their own alliance to generate the next multi role fighter to replace the Typhoon and Rafale in the next 20 years, The UK has decided to team with TAI on their next fighter development. The TAI TFX is slated to replace the Turkish Air Force's F-16s and is planned to be offered to PAF also as future replacements of F 16s. ENDING NOTE Last year 2018 , the JF-17 Thunder aircraft shot down a slow speed target with BVR (Beyond Visual Range) and IR (Infrared) missile with pin-point accuracy at Somiani firing range marking a landmark occasion for the force . In another major development , PAF)successfully test-fired indigenous developed extended range “smart weapon” from JF-17 Block III Prototype multi-role fighter aircraft on Tuesday 12th March 2019. PAF managed to make 02 Aerial kills of MiG 21 Bison variant & Sukhoi Su 30 in end Feb 2019 . Reportedly one of them awarded to JF 17. Suddenly the lesser discussed and under estimated Thunder (Lowly rated by Adversaries) became talk of the town for Defense industry experts and Military strategists who were earlier willing to give no chance to this Fighter ; Even so that the Delay in Indian AF acquiring French Dassault Rafale was discussed in this context ; The kills even resulted in stock prices immediately going up for Chengdu CAC Sister industry…. Hence credentials speak for themselves…. FORCE MULTIPLIERS Whatever PAF lacks in High-tech or Gadgets - it makes up with the enhanced Skill level , strategizing , operational worthiness, Using ,Force multipliers such as SAM’s, Anti Aircraft warfare, AWACKS , PC3 Orion,, ,UAV Buraq and Shahpur, ,and Wing Loong I is a strike-capable medium-altitude long-endurance drone, built by the Chinese firm Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC),with a maximum payload capacity of 200 kg. The payload is split fifty-fifty between internal and external weapon stores. It is considered to be China’s version of America’s Predator drone. Pakistan’s military is bestowed with men who possess a ‘strong desire to succeed even if it means dying defending your homeland’. Its man behind the Gun who is more important…! Take a look at the other impressive Gadget for adversary Jets . Spada 2000 air defense system (Medium Range SAM): PAF bought 10 batteries of Spada 2000 system in 2007. Each battery has two firing sections, each section has Missile Launcher housing six ready-to-fire ASPIDE 2000 missiles with a range of 25 km. RAC-3D (Spada-2000's radar) has the capacity to track 100 targets simultaneously within a range of 60 km.
Is the 2019 Mercedes AMG W10 F1 car faster than the Porsche 919 Evo?
It depends on what you define ,fastest, as. Raw Speed? Acceleration? Lap performance? Raw Speed? Most likely the W10. The Mercedes W10 has the benefit of a 1000hp engine and a 743kg car. The 919 Evo is more than 840kg, and has 710 hp. Acceleration? The 919 Evo. The 919 has a very powerful Electric Recovery System, and there is a lot of acceleration going for it. In fact, this is probably the reason why the 919 Evo beat Hamilton’s lap record on Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps (set in the W08) by 0.783 seconds. Lap Performance? Toss-up. It depends on the track. If there’s a lot of straights and heavy braking zones (like Azerbaijan, and most other tracks), the 919 Evo pulls ahead. On tracks with long, swooping turns (like Monza, Suzuka, Sochi), the W10 would pull ahead.
How do people view European countries?
Indonesian here, attention many names inclued. Albania: Football players (Taulant Xhaka*), pop singers (Dua Lipa*), bunkers and Skanderbeg. Andorra: Tax-free shopping and skiing*. Armenia: First Christian country, many diasporas* and Henrikh Mkhitaryan. Austria: Former superpower, classical music*, apple pie*, skiing, winter sports athletes and Marco Haller. Azerbaijan: Oil, Turkey’s clone and Aliyevs. Belarus: Mini Russia, dictatorsip, winter sports athletes and Alexander Riabushenko*. Belgium: Road cycling* (Greg Van Avermaet*, Edward Theuns*, Harm Vanhoucke* and Remco Evenepoel*), chocolate*, beer, french fries*, divided into rooster (Wallonia) and lion (Flanders*) and paintings. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Football players (Edin Dzeko*) and Muslim. Bulgaria: Yoghurt, rose*, great folk stuff and winter sports athletes. Croatia: Beaches, great culture, football players and winter sports athletes. Cyprus: Half-Greek, half-Turkish. Czech Republic: Crystal, Beer, Skoda, Bohemia, winter sports athletes and Zdenek Stybar*. Denmark: Lego*, butter, beer, Jysk, Hans Christian Andersen* and Michael Valgren*. Estonia: Half-Nordic, Finland’s clone, Skype, winter sports, Arvo Part, Tanel Kangert* and winter sports athletes. Finland: Nokia*, Angry Birds, best education system, very cool, winter sports athletes and Heikki Kovlainen*. France: Eiffel Tower, French language, glamour culture, cuisine (croissant*), Peugeot, Citroen, L’Oreal, Louis Vuitton, Dior, Givenchy, Carrefour, many cool and pretty folks, football (Paul Pogba*) and road cycling* (Romain Bardet*, Alexis Gouegard* and David Gaudu*). Georgia: Unique script, beaches and food. Germany: Sausage, Beer, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, VW, Porsche, Faber-Castell, Staedtler, football, Sebastian Vettel*, Gerhard Berger, Oceana, Emmanuel Buchmann*, winter sports athletes and leader of the EU. Greece: The most influential ancient civilization, mythology, Sparta, Vangelis, winter sports athletes, beaches and cuisine (yoghurt). Hungary: Former superpower, meaty dishes, tricky language, ring bread and classical music. Iceland: Great landscape and volcanoes. Ireland: Green stuffs, Guinness beer, harp, potatoes, Celtic culture, many great but random folks and Conor McGregor. Italy: Home of largest ancient civilization, cuisine (pizza*, pasta*, etc), Prada, Gucci, Ferrari, Vespa, Valentino Rossi*, football (AC Milan*) and road cycling* (Vincenzo Nibali*, Elia Viviani*, Giulio Ciccone* and Filippo Ganna*). Kazakhstan: Oil and Borat*. Kosovo: Not accepted in here! Latvia: Baltic beauty, too many Russians (Jelena Ostapenko*), many accents and winter sports athletes. Liechtenstein: Switzerland’s daughter? Lithuania: Former superpower, Poland’s best friend, oldest living language, basketball, many accents and winter sports athletes. Luxembourg: Banks, money, gay Prime Minister and Bob Jungles*. Macedonia/FYROM: Slightly poor but with good taste, Serbia’s cousin and Anja Veterova. Malta: Beaches, pop musicians and weird language. Moldova: Romania’s clone, poor and unpleasant. Monaco: Casinos and Formula One circuit. Montenegro: Serbia’s clone, beaches and unpleasant. Norway: Fjords, winter sports, oil, salmon, black metal, winter sports athletes and Edvard Boasson Hagen*. Poland: Former superpower, Lithuania’s best friend, sausages, breads, winter sports athletes, Rafal Majka* and Michal Kwiatkowski*. Portugal: Former colonizer, founder of Brazil, football, CR7* and Joao Almeida*. Romania: Dracula, Gypsies, great folk stuffs, Romance in Eastern Europe and winter sports athletes. Russia: Largest country in area, vodka, Soviet Union, beautiful people, Masha and the Bear, Siberia, Yuri Gagarin, Romanov dynasty, Pavel Sivakov* and winter sports athletes. San Marino: Oldest modern country in the world and Italy’s son? ^Scotland: Tartans, golf, bagpipes, curling, Loch Ness and Celtic culture. Serbia: Leader of Balkan, Remove Kebab, random stuffs, DJ Kontol and Novak Djokovic*. Slovakia: Czech Republic’s clone, random stuffs, winter sports athletes and Peter Sagan*. Slovenia: Mountains, random stuffs, winter sports athletes, Primoz Roglic*, Matej Mohoric* and Tadej Pogacar*. Spain: Matador, Flamenco, Spanish language, folk stuffs, Catalonia, Basque, Galicia, mountain, beaches, beautiful culture, football (FC Barcelona*) and road cycling (Mikel Landa* and David de la Cruz*). Sweden: IKEA*, Volvo, H&M, Pewdiepie, liberalism, winter sports, ABBA and winter sports athletes. Switzerland: Neutral, mountain, chocolate, cheese, fondue, Victorinox knifes, skiing, Marc Hirschi* and winter sports athletes. The Netherlands: Former colonizer, windmill*, tulip*, weed, liberalism, cheese*, wooden shoes and road cycling* (Bauke Mollema*, Tom Dumoulin* Wilco Kelderman*, Dylan Groenewegen* and Mathieu van der Poel*). Turkey: Former superpower, leader of Turkic and Altaic, kebab, soap operas, football, winter sports athletes and easy to pronounce names. Ukraine: Crimea, football, great folk stuffs, random stuffs and winter sports athletes. UK: Former superpower and colonizer, English language, great popular culture, many celebrities, Scotland^, Wales^ and James Bond. Vatican City: Home of Roman Catholic. ^Wales: Sheep, Celtic culture, weird language, weird names, Gareth Bale*, Geraint Thomas* and Owain Doull*. NOTES The things are coming from my personal opinion(s) and common stereotypes in my country. The things which marked with stars are my most favorite things and people. The things which marked with ^ symbol denoted regions which resembling countries but not yet independent. Some aspects are changed on October 24th 2020 due to being closer to reality.
Which country does what best?
I will try for the whole Europe; up to three first associations. Albania: ,Cream Cake (Kremšnita; pronounced as creamshnita), Organised Crime ,Andorra: ,Tobacco, Tourism in Mountains ,Armenia: ,Fresh Fruit, various range of alcohol, Beautiful Women (Kardashian) ,Austria: ,Finest Crystal (Swarovski), Wiener Schnitzel and Sacher Cake (Erstes Qualitat), Red Bull (Dietrich Mateschitz), Perfect carpentry (Michael Thonet) A,zerbaijan: ,Oil Springs Belarus: ,Petroleum Refineries ,Belgium: ,Stock Diamonds, Waffles, European Parliament ,Bosnia and Herzegovina: ,Bosnian Rolled, ,Burek (divine good, you should try this), Beautiful women ,Bulgaria: ,Yoghurt (Kephir), Rose Oil (perfumes) Croatia: ,Necktie (Cravat), Olive Oil, Tourism ,Cyprus: ,Pharmacy, Refined Petroleum, Cheese ,Czeczh Republic: ,Beer (Kozel), Automobiles (Škoda), Pianos (Petrof) Denmark: ,Toys (Lego), Shoes (Ecco), Designer Furniture Estonia: ,Fish Dishes, Cargo Shipping Finland:, Mobile phones and tires (Nokia), Alcohol Spirit (Finland Vodka) ,France: ,Michelin Guide (Restaurants), Designer clothes and perfumes (Chanel, Givenchy, Dior), Wine and Cognac (Champagne) Georgia:, I have no clue, what they are good at ,Germany: ,Automobiles (Mercedes, Porsche, Audi), Clothes (Adidas, Puma, Hugo Boss), Electronics (Phillips, Siemens, Bosch) ,Greece: ,Olive Oil, Tourism, Feta cheese Hungary: ,Spicy Salami (Pick), Liquor (Zwack Unicum), Pepper Sauce (Eros Pista), Rubik Cube Iceland:, Geothermal Energy, Geysers, Spa (Blue Lagoon) ,Ireland:, Whiskey (Jameson, Bushmills, Tullamore Dew), Dancing (Michael Flately), World Class Golf Courses ,Italy:, High Class Cars (Ferrari, Lamborghini), Food and Beverage (Illy, Barilla, Loacker), Fashion (Bottega Venetta, Fendi, Diesel), Furniture Kazakhstan:, Petrolium Oil, Crude Oil ,Kosovo:, Agriculture, Spices Latvia:, Designer products (Vaira, Mint furniture, Zeltite temporary tatoos), Black Bread (Kelmenu), The Bike From Glass ,Liectenstein:, Curta (mehanical calculator), Construction&Mining Tools (HILTI), Dental Prosthetist (Ivoclar Vivadent) ,Lithuania:, Ceramic Tiles (Dvarčionių keramika), Strong Alcoholic Drinks (Stumbras), Nitrogen Fertilizers (AB Achema) Luxembourg: Wristwatches (Schroeder), Chocolates (Namur), Peckvillchen Bird Whistles Macedonia:, Wine (Vranec), Relish (Ajvar), Airport Buses (FAS Sanos) ,Malta:, Almond Liqueur (Amarettu), Glassware (TaQali), Maltese Lace ,Moldova:, Shoes (Trenwood), Brandy (KVINT), Steel (MMZ) ,Monaco:, Casinos, Cosmetics (Laboratoires ASEPTA), Grand Prix Monaco ,Montenegro:, Tourism (Sveti Stefan), Adriatic Cuisine (Durmitorski Skorup - Very Special Cheese), Brandy (Lozova Rakija - named also as Lozovacha - very strong) Netherlands: ,Agriculture (Tulips), Beer (Heineken), Electronics (Philips), Dutch Bicycles (Gazelle) ,Norway,: Crude Petrolium (Statoil Asa), Clothing (HellyHansen - Sailing Jackets), Fishes (Salmon), Composers (Edvard Grieg), Paper clip, Invented Telemark Skiing Poland:, International language (Esperanto), Invented Bulletproof West, Agriculture (Raspberries), Automobiles (Leopard Car) ,Portugal:, Decorative Ceramic Tiles (Azulejos), Cherry Liquor (Ginjinha), Cork Acessories, Chrisitiano Ronaldo (TOP 3 soccer players on the World) Romania:, Disco Music (Edward Maya, Inna), Dracula (Vlad III. Tepes), Automobiles (Dacia), Video games - Ubisoft Bucharest (Assasins Creed) ,Russia:, Crude Petrolium (Gazprom), Jewelry (Fabergé eggs), Matryoshka doll (something like Barbie doll), Russian Hat (Ushanka), Poljot (Watches) San Marino:, Woodworking machines (Mesa) ,Serbia:, Brandy (Slivovitza - made of plums), Carpet (Pirot Kilim), Trucks (Zastava Kragujevac), Nikola Tesla (famous inventor) ,Slovakia:, Hockey players (Jaroslav Halak), Metallurgy (Steel Košice) ,Slovenia: ,Dessert (Nut Roll - Potica), Ultralight Airplanes (Pipistrel), Wood Construction (Riko), Ski Products (Elan) ,Spain:, Best Soccer Clubs (Barcelona, Real, Atletico), Automobiles (Seat), Sport Clothing (Joma, Kelme), Leisure (Pacha Disco) ,Sweden:, Luxury Cars (Koenigsegg), Furniture (IKEA), Machines for Garden (Husqvarna) ,Switzerland:, Watches (TAG Heuer, Rado, Omega), Swiss Army Knife, Dessert (Toblerone), Science Project (CERN), Swiss Banks Turkey: ,Fastfood (Kebab), Turkish Coffee, Porcelain (Kütahya Porselen), Turkish Airlines Ukraine: ,WhatsApp, Beautiful Women, Agriculture (Wheat) ,United Kingdom:, Luxury Cars (Bentley, Rolls Royce), Conglomerate (Virgin), Pearls, Jems and Precious Metals, Healthcare Products (Aquafresh) Vatican City: ,Pope
How and from where will energy importing nations find new sources of oil and gas if military conflicts in the Middle East disrupt the market?
I love the history of oil, even in English I’ve collected a lot of saved text now, bad english but wayne :D Conflicts in North Africa exist yea, but the main OPEC producers most people call the “Arab” ones are not really much affected. Iran is suffering from sanctions, in Libya its a big up and down, most time it was down and stayed there, than in 2018 production went up but I think there are 2 goverments, one recognized by the US but only having few area on the coast in the east? Tobruk being the largest town I think they have? As like normal there almost everyone lives at the coast, so the cities in the center or south of the country are very small and propably often were created because of nearby oil fields… I could remember Tobruk good because of its ww2 importance and its the last serious town in the east before the border with… Egypt? I think. But what is “missing” from Libya only the Libyan people who would like to sell it really miss it… as always during the last 20 years we have more than enough or extreme oversupply of oil, prices, media and countries and companies benefiting don’t like to tell us “hey, yea its everything cool for the next generations you don’t have to worry, only prices could go up if new investments are done and new techs are installed” or it would be very bad for business if it would be clear its like that, like it was almost from one to another day when first Europe as a major oil consumer realized how dangerous Corona/Covid-19 can be and first lockdowns started, I thought already than that the US will have it with 1–2 months delay, we in Germany had it with 1–3 weeks delay to some areas in Italy and Spain and China was “ahead” at least 2 months but yea, and you can see what happened to oil prices and how the supply data developed compared to demand… Your question is not so easy because of the time we are “in” now. We see a serious start of Electric-Mobility now. We have EVs which with more or less heavy disadvantages could be used since the 90’s for driving, at least the daily average US trip to work and back was not really a problem back than, costs and maybe “comfort” was a bit more, but some people loved the EVs tested in this period and there was a reason they were only leased and not a single one sold and some really were seized after some lawsuits because some people wanted to keep the cars but “they” simply didn’t allow, even offers worth a lot more than the vehicles were not accepted… In lets say 2012–2013 I really didn’t think we would be “so far” by 2020 already, in 2013 the chinese coal use peaked and with China representing ~50% of global coal consumption the reduction in 2014 and later did lead to a so far “Peak Coal Demand 2013”, it could change again in the future but its not very likely as China really used a lot of coal…Germany was/is(?) Nr. 1 in lignite since large parts of the high quality “stone coal” as we differ in Germany (“Brown coal” and “Stone coal” in fact only, first having a lower energy density and used not far away from the mines, while high quality coal, best in English is “Anthracite” I think is mined in Australia and exported from there in larger amounts to Asia, but also the “stone coal” of good quality is worth shipping, the lignite produced here is used not far away from mines, also on the polish side very large lignite reserves are found in addition to the high quality coal in what was known as Eastern Prussia and the areas between it and the oder river), now china is no longer mining something like almost 3.5 billion tons(!) of coal, of these a bit less than 100 million were the worlds 2nd highest a few years ago only Germany producing and using more, the rest is higher quality coal, china realized that there is enough coal in china alone, even after mining that record amounts for decades, enough to really damage the global clima much more in China alone… the other half the rest of the world consumed and is still consuming around 50% made also a lot, depending on countries, developed countries reduced coal or modernized old coal power plants, as modern coal power plants are not that bad like some of the east european warsaw pact build stations or even some in asia, South Africa also has a lot of coal, they even produced oil/fuel from it, like the Nazis did during WW2 as the only larger own source, the production was prepared years in advance as it was back than a process which unlike today didn’t even cover costs compared to US oil (which was the by far largest by amount as the US were the largest producer for more than the first 100 years of oil production without interruption, also Baku in Azerbaijan/SU and some sources in South East Asia were already found in the 19th century before the automobile boom, and some in Poland, Austria, Hungary, but above mentioned were world class, Indonesia and Malaysia became one part of Royal Dutch Shell, which merged with a British company, in 1908 after 7 long and hot years oil was found in Persia and immediately the UK saw the potential and created the worlds largest refinery in Abadan by 1912 with a simple but working pipeline from the area where the first wells drilled did hit very large oil fields, Churchill was a large supporter of changing coming ships, military, from coal to oil, with first starting the mighty dreadnought-battleships as battleships were the largest and by far most hungry, german empire did a lot from late 19th/early 20th century until WW1 to build a fleet which could compete with the worlds largest and strongest, the Royal Navy… but even if they would have been close to Royal Navys numbers in most sections, Germany had no oil, its WW1 colonies had no known oil and also there was a blockade against germany which made even food supply different after 2 years and worst during the 3rd war winter, the submarines of the first generation were used, but like in WW2 they did maybe a lot damage here and there in an effort to also block the British Empire, they were at least as much dependent from shipments as Germany, if not even more as a quite small Island having colonies/Commonwealths all over the world and I think with 25% of the world population thanks to India but also many areas everywhere… However the coal fired german ships couldn’t compete with the Royal Navys fleet which was more and more using oil and had an own source in Persia, and even if transport would be difficult, so risky that they would suspend it, there was always the US as a source… not so for Germany, but also motorization was much lower in the German Empire compared to the US, UK and even France… in the US Henry Ford offered the first real mass-produced car (Ford T?) also affordable for non millionaires…I think in 1908 the first production on a early assembly line method started, and production was also started elsewhere, until 1914 a limited motorization was reached in Europe, the US had even 3 more years until 1917 to produce more and more cars, which were needed because the earlier use of oil for lightning was going down heavy in urban areas, the petroleum lamp gave good light, with oil once very expensive because it was from whales and they were hunted until only few were left when first commercial oil was drilled. Than lightning buld and the electricity made the petroleum lamp in more and more areas obsolete, like today with gasoline and diesel vehicles (or oil/natural gas/fossil fuel powered all together) this didn’t happen over night or within a short period but would take time, but it was sure people would use the lightning bulb instead of petroleum as soon as they had access to electricity, bulbs and power were affordable, first ideas in most cases for vehicles from late 1890’s or around ~1900 planned to run cars on Ethanol or Electricity and than oil followed together with maybe some other stuff, even many prototypes or single vehicles were build like a record breaking arrow like electric car around 1900, but mighty oil companies and goverments (US had large interest the almost daily increasing oil ressources by ~1900 would be worth and not useless in a few years, and it was the big oil boom in texas which started in 1901, one of many to come… they made sure it would be gasoline and diesel, and now more and more of the oil could be used, in the early days the parts usable as petroleum after some “refining” were used, the rest was waste I think, this way new fuels could be produced, the engine for aircrafts added flight gasoline to these, maybe that waste was burned for heating before with limited efficiency, now heating oil of different grades and qualities was produced… oil became vital, having no oil meant you were still in the past with horse-drawn carriages, in WW1 you could see that Germany lost sea battles also because coal simply couldn’t compete with oil in any point, not range/weight, or the dirty black smok a large coal battleship was creating vs almost invisible emissions from oil powered, maybe older battleships in the royal navy before a convertion could be done also used a coal which was full of coal, I dont know if when it dried parts of the oil stayed in the coal and increased the energy density, some extra weight but such coal if used I guess burned longer and better, on the ground also the US brought once again the “industrial victory” to Britain, German troops were not soo far away from Paris and fighting already for 3 years when the US joined war, and first they did was send heavy support in trucks, cars, oil/fuel, and maybe some requested engines or even already finished aircraft, also the british were working to build their tank army which should bring the breakthrough, “only” 400 for the final offensive, but germans only had some improvised “(anti)tank rifles” for infantry to fight tanks which were introduced as fast as possible and were in some cases effective, but often only from very short ranges in the right angle, and heavy artillery or “Anti-Tank”-Guns were not existing as the tank was a new weapon… the 400 tanks were very slow, had a large crew, small range but being unstoppable in these numbers they rolled with a few kilometer per hour to victory, Germany had some own tanks produced in smaller number, some were too large for real mass production so fast, also oil shortage once again… the small amounts of oil/fuel available had to be shared with submarines, aircrafts and with a very small number of motorized units (logistics, or trucks transporting the troops where no railways existed), in France by 1914 when war broke out they had a shortage too, they confiscated all taxis in Paris when the Germans were advancing towards paris and so they used everything they had to transport soldiers, busses and trucks, the few civil cars, and all the taxis they could get rushed troops to the front and bought time to create a defense line, in Berlin by 1914 only quite few vehicles of all kinds would have been available for such an action, it would be a good idea but with limited effect because of the relative low number of soldiers which could have been brought 200 to 250km outside of Berlin to the front lines, roads were bad everywhere but this already showed how taxis which were relative quick were important, only 4–5 soldiers per taxi but fast, if you have enough fuel you could transport 1 division (ideal strength 10,000 men, often less in reality) faster than ever with the equipment they were carrying, some trucks with additional ammo and it made a difference, france had access to the important dutch oil harbours from “Royal Dutch Shell”, and from Britain or directly from Persia refined fuel was coming for their aircraft, ships, the trucks which were much more on that side, while germans even in the last year (late 1917 to 1918) only had very few trucks, and even getting like 10,000 trucks, if they were not filled than there would be very fast an shortage of gasoline…even just 500 liters per truck would mean 5 million liters, nothing today… but back than, and consumption these days… 500 liters for trucks offroad were really not that much if they used 40 liters on lower to middle speed offroad, even ww2 was decided also by a few million tons of oil missing per year on German or European-Axis side…1 million tons per month more would have been a dream for Nazi Germany, maybe they would have used the Italian Navy than a bit more, so even German troops couldn’t be used with full efficiency because always oil consumption had to be controlled…before corona and with natural gas liquids, oil from unconventional sources and some ethanol in the data the consumption was around 100 million barrels per day worldwide…1 barrel is 158.98 liter or exactly 42 US-Gallons, this means ~15.9 trillion (yea..daily) liters of oil and products consumption every day, I think the number was a little bit below 100mbpd for real oil without ethanol…but 99 would be realistic, it could be like with coal a peak, as e-vehicles now have to be part of every car producer in the EU/Europe if they don’t want to pay compensation…EVs are very good for the fleet, but also hybrid as like with EVs their co² emission is unrealistic low (0 for EVs and first always used the full electric range for hybrid calculation which results for almost all hybrids in consumption of 2 liters gasoline per 100km for the first 100km, sometimes even a bit less, for very small electric range hybrids a bit more but its not realistic, like the “ZE”vehicles, zero emission is the optimal case but not reality in almost every countries energy mix, if you dont buy special renewable only energy only a hand full of countries give you 24/7 renewable energy, and many include nuclear energy, france even 50% and world leader under larger nations, its strictly seen also “ZE” but not what real green friends want…but its smart but germany is almost out, while countries to all sides use nuclear power and many even increase it or build first reactors (Poland…), even scandinavian countries with huge hydropower potential like sweden and finland have large nuclear power stations, and france is developing the european reactor type, its good and we should use it too but the exit was the plan of the “Red/Green”-Coalition, the greens ofc were for an “green power, no more dirty or nuclear…by 2020 all should be down as planned in 2003–2004, but they made it not by date but by amount of left energy production the nuclear reactors can produce before going down, the newer the larger the allowed amount (I hope…for me the whole exit makes no sense, not for economic and thanks to neighbors not for safety reasons…) but ok now fleets have lowest possible emissions since this year, and single countries as norway plan to stop selling gasoline and diesel private(?) cars as soon as 2025…unbelievable in 2012 or 2013 for me, but Tesla did lead the market in the first years and now everyone enters and some cool cars already exist, like Porsche Taycan S… nothing you drive to save money, like most porsche^^ but its cool and with some other high priced EVs like teslas model s in best variant and with all extras you have a real good car, it changes the whole oil policy for most countries in mid- and long-term, for many even a bit in short term, while gas is different, some countries cant produce that easy 100% from renewable and will replace coal and some nuclear with natural gas which at least compared with coal has much lower emissions, and only few coal plants are modern, so the difference is really great, an upgrade to less polluting coal stations would be possible too but it would be still the “dirtiest” of the big 3 (crude oil and refined products like diesel, natural gas and coal) Now maybe only 3 million e-cars are on the road worldwide, but thats already a huge increase and some countries like Norway already sold in 2nd half 2019 and 2020 over 50% of new cars EV/Hybrid (one category, fossil fuel powered the 2nd…in norway hybrids almost play no role but in germany they play a role, not a very big one but they are the “middle” way, also in getting the Euro6 and future emission badge which allows you to enter cities or their central areas (Berlin already a longer time need one, of course it started with a much lower one and now cars that could enter ~10 years ago no longer would be allowed, except there is no real other option as for some commercial vehicles without real or affordable alternative, but for privat guys I think only oldtimers can get it, some need 20–25 liter/100km or worse but that are real old ones or US cruisers from pre-1973 oil crisis, but I’m sure its not cheap and you don’t drive much with oldtimers inside the full city anyway :D That was only part 1 of my copy stuff, but nobody really cares, would be to explain the unique case of Venezuela, it will be the first major oil power which will (looks like now) go to zero or almost zero oil production because of non physical shortage but sanctions in this case, also a bad goverment and corruption, especially after chavez died and when oil prices collapsed first time in 2014, did lead to low investions and reduced production potential of the country with largest oil reserves and ressources (most sources now agree in this point), it was 150 to 200kbpd in late july, early august.. more towards 150k, reaching “soon” 100k and going lower quick now where even the last small amounts bought by Russia and China before Corona no longer are bought, economy in the country de facto collapsed, people are leaving the country since 2018 in large masses, earlier already a lot tried their luck elsewhere… no matter if saudis got secret reserves higher than venezuelas, or iraq/iran/kuwait… but that a country with so much oil has no option but to stop production completely never happened, like never before negative prices for oil, in this case it was the last trading day for may WTI futures… thats “sick”, people bought barrels for a few cent or 0.50$ per barrel and thought they make the deal of their life if price gets back to just 5, 6 or even 8$ and than were in heavy debt because of a deep negative price…
How do you know if a computer is not compromised when you first get it?
[ 1 ] It does not say “,Lenovo,” on the label. ,Computer maker ,Lenovo ,has been shipping laptops prepackaged with malware that makes you more vulnerable to hackers -- all for the sake of serving you advertisements. Made by a company called ",Superfish,," the software is essentially an Internet browser add-on that injects ads onto websites you visit. Feb 19, 2015 ,money.cnn.com › 2015/02/19 › technology › security › lenovo-superfish, ,Lenovo slipped 'Superfish' malware into laptops - Business - - - - - [ 2 ] It doesn't say “,Microsoft,” on the operating system. ,On Tuesday, the ,National Security Agency, (NSA) warned ,Windows 10, users of a vulnerability in the software that would allow a hacker or other bad actor to infiltrate their network and access someone's PC. ... Using the flaw a hacker or bad actor could install malware or adware on a remote computer or attack networks. Jan 16, 2020 ,www.wrcbtv.com › story › nsa-urging-windows-10-users-to-update-co..., ,NSA urging Windows 10 users to update computers to avoid ... - - - - - Don’t worry, no matter, it will be compromised as soon as you turn it on and connect to the Internet and browse somewhere: www.theguardian.com › technology › mar › major-sites-new-york-ti..., ,Major sites including New York Times and BBC hit by ..., Mar 16, 2016 - When the infected adverts hit users, they redirect the page to servers ... The New York Times is one of the high-profile websites affected by the ... - - - - - - - - - - In response to others: It’s the end user who is the biggest compromise, clicking with abandon, responding to errant emails and web pages and popups, answering the phone and even their front door to let persuasive phishing scams ransack their bank account. Mac will do it with your permission, as most folks don’t know how to operate an Apple device without giving up their credit card, and one customer had $5,000 billed IN ONE YEAR just by clicking “oh, I like that song, oh, I’ll read that book, oh, I’ll play that game, okay, I’ll increase my online storage”. The beauty of Apple is they they protect you from others emptying your wallet … as they do it themselves. And Microsoft is so jealous! - - - - - - - - - - Prior post: “… ,but really? Like you just have a giant box of swappable, unwiped drives? Random CPUs, GPUs, and everything else that are of questionable provenance?, …” So, you haven’t visited a mon&pop shop, the warehouse at Best Buy, Microcenter, and other stores, subcontractor’s factories. Even in the hinterland plains of South Dakota there was the world’s largest computer factory called Gateway that is now extinct … what do you think they did with the old parts, and what do you think the people did with their hard earned and rewarded skills? The same is happening at every factory that gets a contract, fulfills it, and does not get called back, because Dell, HP, and so on are moving onto the next lower bidder, all over the world - and the factory does not vaporize, it trudges along in recycling used stuff and looking for other outlets. Even Porsche scavenged parts from new cars to fix customer vehicles … then rebuilt the scavenged new cars when parts became available again … so those supposedly new cars were what, new-ish? It’s a big, endless high tech world out there, and some of us have -w-a-y- too many war stories to share, and the newbies don’t listen, and keep making the same mistakes over and over as us oldies roll our eyes, and retail customer haven’t got a clue. We’re just sharing what we saw, what we experienced. We’re not speculating about the unknown. Thanks for exploring this. - - - - - - - - - - The rest of us here are no-charge voluntary Quora content providers. So, considering the opening question: “… ,How do you know if a computer is not compromised when you first get it?, …” … why would a charge-a-fee-only Quora content provider even respond at all, or even be on Quora in the first place? Me neither. - - - - - - - - - - Prior post: “… ,Why would you be using anything other than either A.) brand new components, or B.) personally wiped components?, …” Well, I don’t charge $150/hour for Quora dialogs, so let me answer that. The same question applies to the opening question, there is no identification of supposedly new or supposedly used origin of anything. Plus supposedly new vendors at any level, especially storefronts, but manufacturer’s as well, have sold used and infected hardware ( and software ) as if it were new and uninfected. So the source, new or used, of any hardware hardly matters, so to speak. “… ,personally wiped, …” assumes the questioner has awareness, skills, and experience that the questioner did not present, and if they had such, why would they question here on Quora when they could just go ahead and do the wiping? Meta topic: Alternatively, Quora does have dummy questions, so to speak, where folks create a page to earn money from, with standard questions like “Where is Azerbaijan?”, and it’s not as if they lost Azerbaijan, or don’t know where Azerbaijanis, or can’t find Azerbaijan, but they want to take responsibility for a busy discussion thread with advertisements that Quora will pay them for. ,The Quora questioner here has - 0 Answers, - 3,938 Questions. , So, what do YOU think is really going on with the opening inarticulate and essentially meaningless question? ,Quora Partner Program clickbait,, perhaps? Back on the main topic, I have purchased supposedly new RAS Random Access Storage from a variety of vendors that had end-user information on it - nobody checks if someone tested it, or if it’s a store demo, or if it was returned and has been actually zeroed out, and most folks just reformat, if they know how, before return or resale, leaving the data intact. Old junked hard drives used to go for $5 salvage until crackers recognized that those drives had end user data on them, they had passwords, and sign on credentials, then the price suddenly went up to $500 for an used hard drive, which was more than a year’s family income around the junk fields of India, I almost feel like loading up my old drives with fake data to make them appear valuable before tossing them, and thereby support otherwise impoverished families. And then eventually, the opening Quora questioner might get one of my old parts, and ask the kind of question they asked this time - they never learn, do they? =8^o Thanks for exploring this. - - - - - - - - - - Prior post: “… ,but really? Like you just have a giant box of swappable, unwiped drives? Random CPUs, GPUs, and everything else that are of questionable provenance?, …” So, you haven’t visited a mon&pop shop, the warehouse at Best Buy, Microcenter, and other stores, subcontractor’s factories. Even in the hinterland plains of South Dakota there was the world’s largest computer factory called Gateway that is now extinct … what do you think they did with the old parts, and what do you think the people did with their hard earned and rewarded skills? The same is happening at every factory that gets a contract, fulfills it, and does not get called back, because Dell, HP, and so on are moving onto the next lower bidder, all over the world - and the factory does not vaporize, it trudges along in recycling used stuff and looking for other outlets. Even Porsche scavenged parts from new cars to fix customer vehicles … then rebuilt the scavenged new cars when parts became available again … so those supposedly new cars were what, new-ish? It’s a big, endless high tech world out there, and some of us have -w-a-y- too many war stories to share, and the newbies don’t listen, and keep making the same mistakes over and over as us oldies roll our eyes, and retail customers haven’t got a clue. We’re just sharing what we saw, what we experienced. We’re not speculating about the unknown. Thanks for exploring this. - - - - - - - - - - Prior post: “… ,What the hell did I just read? Was this an answer or copy-paste spam? ,…” Who knows what you just read, but you, yourself? If you read the prior post, [ ,Peter Blaise's answer to How do you know if a computer is not compromised when you first get it?, ], it contains a variety of answers to the opening question, plus responses to others, including some duplicated content in different responses. I have found that the simpler questions garner complicated answers, and ,visa versa,. Thanks for sharing. - - - - - - - - - - .
What is better, Formula One or Formula E?
First off, I don’t see the need to compare Formula One and Formula E because they are at different stages of evolution, and aren’t exactly rivaling each other. Formula 1 is much more popular and mainstream compared to Formula E because electric racing, unlike combustion engine racing, doesn’t have a 100+ year long history. Formula E is building the electric racing history and legacy right here right now. Photo : FIA Formula E And due to this, it is obvious that Formula E needs time to build a worldwide brand and iron out the problems. And Formula E does have problems : The cars are so much slower than in F1. Electric racing is not mainstream and the noise (or lack thereof) is a big problem for racing purists. Racing battery tech is in such an initial stage that an FE driver needs to do a car swap mid race because two cars are needed to complete a race. Formula E runs races exclusively on very tight street circuits, so more often than not, the racing tends to go “bumper cars” mode. Tight, messy, sometimes cartoonish. Which is a turn-off. Lack of “celebrities” as most FE drivers are ex-F1 or other drivers which gives off an “F1 rejects series” vibe which is unfair, again just due to Formula E as a series being new. Bloody fan boost exists. But some of these are also Formula E’s biggest strengths on which Alejandro Agag is building the whole brand because : Electric is the future. Battery tech will only improve, and so will the speed. Street circuits in non-motorsport cities brings racing to a wider audience. Formula E tickets are much more affordable compared to F1, and because it runs on a street circuit within the city, it is accessible to more fans as well. As I said, I don’t want to compare but I can tell you this much. ,It is fact that Formula 1 as a brand of racing is failing while Formula E is on the up up and up. I hope F1 can find a way to be popular amongst the masses again and I think that will happen, but Formula E is definitely here to stay. Giants like Audi, Porsche, Jaguar, and Mercedes wouldn’t get involved heavily if they didn’t see that. PS : Quadruple overtake warning - Azerbaijan GP episode of my Robert Kubica Career Mode right here :
History: What are some of the historic events that changed the world we live in?
1. Construction on the Golden Gate Bridge began on January 5,1933 and cost $35 million to build. However, it was completed ahead of the projected schedule and under budget by $1.3 million. Pretty impressive for such a huge undertaking. 2. This ain’t no temperpedic mattress. The prone position pilot bed was designed to counteract pilot fatigue, helping them to combat gravitational forces experienced during flight. 3. The German engineer developed a myriad of high speed trains in the 20’s and 30’s. The Schienenzeppelin reached a world record speed of 143 mph. 4. It certainly looks more fun than most modern-day slides, probably because it was a lot less safe. Between the rickety ladders leading children to the top, and the unsmoothed, blister-riddled wooden slide itself, this would have been quite an experience. 5. Spielberg is likely the most passionate, and intelligent, movie director of all-time. He knows how to perform every job on set, and could probably do them better than most employees. 6. This was one of the nuclear bombs that was dropped on Japan in August 1945. “Fat Man” was the codename for the Nagasaki bomb. 7. Upon re-entry into the atmosphere, this Soviet cosmonaut couldn’t activate his parachute and was left for dead inside his space capsule. He’s technically not the first “outer space death” because he died upon impacting Earth. 8. 1935 saw the production of the world’s first two Type 60 prototype offerings from Volkswagen, the V1 and V2. Three years later, Hitler would lay the cornerstone for the VW factory in Fallersleben, Germany. 9. A la Michael Jackson holding his child over the balcony, this was the original version of such. Mothers in London utilized “baby cages” as a means of keeping their children close while they performed housekeeping duties. 10. Jimi Hendrix lived a fast and wild life. This is no secret. Here he is with a lovely young lady driving around what is presumably his property. 11. Escobar might have been wanted by major government agencies, but it didn’t stop him from visiting the United States as a tourist on occasion. According to his son, they would visit Disneyland a few times. 12.The massive sculpture which dominates the landscape of the Black Hills region took many years to develop. The project began in 1927 and was completed in 1941. 13. It’s not a suit of armor, it’s a suit of diving. This C3PO-looking robot suit was a pressurized means for individuals to descend to the ocean floor. It’s not very aesthetically pleasing though. 14. The Greeks named hippopotamuses the ‘river horse’ for a reason. This image, taken from the circus, displays their more horse-oriented side. 15. At 5,000 pounds, this manta ray nearly destroyed a boat after getting caught in the anchor line. It had to be killed with a high-powered rifle by the Coast Guard. 16. The project took a few years to build and was finally dedicated on October 28, 1886. In 1984, is was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, promoting the ideals of liberty, human rights, peace, democracy, abolition of slavery, and opportunity. 17. The man between the 9/11 attacks was actually a pretty normal dude, at least as a youngster. Bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and attended a secular grade school. It wasn’t until attending King Abdulaziz University that he became indoctrinated with jihadi tendencies. 18. The all-terrain Model T was a brief entry into the Ford line of vehicles. Rather than using a modern day 4-wheel drive system, this puppy relied on large military wheels and snow cables. 19. Sitting closest to the capsule mockup is famous astronaut Gus Grissom. Other astronauts in the picture are Ed White and Roger Chaffee. 20. The French tire manufacturer pulled quite a reach with this promotional gimmick. Clearly this was long before the company hired a competent graphic designer to mock up a proper Michelin Man character. 21. Yes, it’s the horse sport. Only here they’re using automobiles. Your typical match is likely to have a few broken spleen and crushed skulls. 22. This was a year before the Hindenburg disaster over New Jersey, where 36 people died. The flight originated in Frankfurt, Germany before crashing near the Naval Air Station in Lakehurst, New Jersey.23. Queen Elizabeth looks like a natural behind the helm of an L85 battle rifle. In 1993, she unloaded one in Surrey, England. 24. The Soviets began constructing this spacecraft in response to a 1972 announcement by President Nixon that NASA would try building its own new spacecraft. The shuttle’s first launch attempt came on October 29, 1988 but ended with a mechanical failure. 25. The presidents’ faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. They depict George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. 26. The original Harley Davidsons weren’t quite as menacing as the ones today. William Sylvester Harley was a mechanical engineer who longed for an awesome motorbike to take along to meetups across North America. Hence, the Harley was born. 27. The mighty Zeppelin soared over the Capitol building in frightening fashion. The craft was designed to be operated by a crew of 36 officers. 28. Situated on the border between Nevada and Arizona, the Hoover Dam provides power for utilities across Nevada, California, and Arizona. Construction began in 1931 and concluded in 1936. 29. During Baku pogrom, Armenian civilians were fighting for their lives as they were getting beaten, tortured, and killed in the region of modern-day Azerbaijan. There were at least 90 Armenian deaths and hundreds of injuries suffered. 30. We all know the story. The RMS Titanic sets sail from Southampton, England en route for New York City, but doesn’t quite make it. On April 14th, 1912, the ship collides with an iceberg and 1,503 people died. 31. The actor who played R2D2 is snacking on a sandwich during lunch hour. Kenny Baker passed away in August 2016 at age 81. 32. I hear the food is pretty decent here. It only costs between $5-$10 for a meal and provides ample seating for everyone to unwind. 33. An American soldier smiles as he replaces an “Adolf-Hitler-Str.” sign with one that reads “Roosevelt Blvd.” This occurred in Berlin, Germany in 1945. 34. The album Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison turned into a massive hit. It was originally released in May 1968, but has since been re-released twice. 35. Duke is 81 years old and has lived quite a life. As a former test pilot, he amassed 4,147 hours flying time, includes 265 hours in space. 36. Stuttgart is also home to the Porsche Museum. A must-see for anyone visiting Deutschland. 37. The Eiffel Tower is open to guests from 9 AM to 12 AM on most nights. During the holidays it’s especially beautiful, enshrouded in lights. 38. The Vought F4U Corsair has a top speed of 446 miles per hour and a wingspan of 41 feet. In other words it’s small, but lighting fast. 39. This pair of Great Depression era criminals didn’t make it very far on May 23rd, 1934. They were shot dead by police after years of committing robberies and multiple prison escapes. 40. Since the tragedy, the remains of the ship have been discovered on the Atlantic Ocean floor. Due to the ice cold temperatures, much of it has remained preserved. 41. A look at the class YT-1300 freighter… or just the cockpit of it, but still, fun stuff. In 2010, Adidas released a pair of Stan Smith shoes inspired by the famous Star Wars aircraft. You should check them out. 42. This was a popular show in Florida featuring the worlds only waterskiing elephant. The animal lived almost 60 years, from 1952-2011. Impressive. 43. Not a job for the weak, that’s for sure. The adrenaline control of both the MGM camera operator and sound mixer is spectacular. 44. This Fiat Lingotto Factory in Turin, Italy is a fun tourist spot. They have an actual racetrack constructed on the roof! 45. Guevara had his awakening when he rode through Latin America on a motorcycle and noticed the plight of the region’s poor inhabitants. Blaming their plight on American colonialism, he sought to rectify the situation by gaining control of Cuba. 46. Their last concert was in San Francisco, CA in 1966, and they disbanded about 3+ years later. The band of course went off and did their own thing for many years, each having several successful solo albums. 47. How sweet is this? Joseph picked his pal Adolf to serve as his best man. He married Magda Goebbels, whom he would remain with until his death in 1945. 48. When you need to test multiple pairs of shoes at one time, hire a “walking machine.” 49. Although human beings going to space would be over a decade away, the launch of the V-2 rocket would provide people their first look at what lies beyond the atmosphere. 50. As you can imagine, the first night after Prohibition ended was a special one. The 18th Amendment had always been somewhat scoffed at by Americans who didn’t see any merit in it.
How do teenagers view every European nation?
These are European countries according to me as an Indonesian, an Asian and a fan of Eurosport and many other weirdos. For me, the subjects are mostly from cultural things. Albania: Football players (Taulant Xhaka*), pop singers (Dua Lipa*), bunkers and random folks. Andorra: Tax-free shopping and skiing*. Armenia: First Christian country, many diasporas* and random pretty folks. Austria: Former superpower, classical music*, apple pie*, winter sports and pretty half-random folks. Azerbaijan: Oil, Turkey’s clone and many random folks. Belarus: Mini Russia, random stuffs, random folks and Vasil Kiryienka*. Belgium: Road cycling* (Greg Van Avermaet*, Edward Theuns* and Laurens Sweeck*), chocolate*, beer, french fries*, divided into rooster (Wallonia) and lion (Flanders*) and cool, pretty and half-random folks. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Football players (Edin Dzeko*) and Muslim. Bulgaria: Yoghurt, rose*, great folk stuffs, many random folks and some cool and pretty folks. Croatia: Beaches, great culture, many half-random folks, several cool and pretty folks, football players and Robert Kiserlovski*. Cyprus: Half-Greek, half-Turkish. Czech Republic: Crystal, Beer, Skoda, many half-random, cool and pretty folks and Zdenek Stybar*. Denmark: Lego*, butter, beer, Jysk, Hans Christian Andersen* and plenty of cool and pretty but sometimes random folks. Estonia: Half-Nordic, Finland’s clone, Skype, winter sports and cool, pretty and random folks. Finland: Nokia*, Angry Birds, best education system, very cool and pretty folks and winter stuffs. France: Eiffel Tower, French language, glamour culture, cuisine (croissant*), Peugeot, Citroen, L’Oreal, Louis Vuitton, Dior, Givenchy, Carrefour, many cool and pretty but sometimes lousy and rarely random folks, football (Paul Pogba*) and road cycling* (Pierre Roland*, Romain Bardet* and Alexis Gouegard*). Georgia: Unique script, beaches and random cool and pretty folks. Germany: Sausage, Beer, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, VW, Porsche, Faber-Castell, Staedtler, in-between folks, football and leader of the EU. Greece: The most influential ancient civilization, mythology, Sparta, half-random folks, beaches and cuisine (yoghurt). Hungary: Former superpower, meaty dishes, tricky language, ring bread and some half-random, pretty and cool folks. Iceland: Great landscape and volcanoes. Ireland: Green stuffs, Guinness beer, harp, potatoes, Celtic culture, many great but random folks and people with somewhat tricky and lousy short names. Italy: Home of largest ancient civilization, cuisine (pizza*, pasta*, etc), Prada, Gucci, Ferrari, Vespa, Valentino Rossi*, so many cool and pretty folks, football (AC Milan*) and road cycling* (Vincenzo Nibali* and Elia Viviani*). Kazakhstan: Oil and Borat*. Kosovo: Not accepted in here! Latvia: Baltic beauty, too many Russians (Jelena Ostapenko*), many accents and good random cool and pretty but sometimes lousy folks. Liechtenstein: Switzerland’s daughter? Lithuania: Former superpower, Poland’s best friend, oldest living language, basketball, many accents and good random cool and pretty folks. Luxembourg: Banks, money, gay Prime Minister and Bob Jungles*. Macedonia/FYROM: Slightly poor but with good taste, Serbia’s cousin and random folks. Malta: Beaches, pop musicians and weird language. Moldova: Romania’s clone, poor and unpleasant. Monaco: Casinos and Formula One circuit. Montenegro: Serbia’s clone, beaches and unpleasant. Norway: Fjords, winter sports, oil, salmon, black metal and plenty of cool and pretty folks but sometimes random. Poland: Former superpower, Lithuania’s best friend, sausages, breads, half-random stuffs plenty of cool and pretty folks, Rafal Majka* and Michal Kwiatkowski*. Portugal: Former colonizer, founder of Brazil, football, CR7* and plenty of a bit random, cool and pretty folks, mostly in-between. Romania: Dracula, Gypsies, great folk stuffs, Romance in Eastern Europe and many random cool folks. Russia: Largest country in area, Vodka, Soviet Union, Masha and the Bear, Siberia, half-random to random stuffs and so many of cool and pretty folks. San Marino: Oldest modern country in the world and Italy’s son? ^Scotland: Tartans, golf, bagpipes, curling, Loch Ness and Celtic culture. Serbia: Leader of Balkan, Remove Kebab, random stuffs, plenty of cool and pretty folks and Novak Djokovic*. Slovakia: Czech Republic’s clone, random stuffs and Peter Sagan*. Slovenia: Mountains, random stuffs, random cool and pretty folks, Primoz Roglic* and Matej Mohoric*. Spain: Matador, Flamenco, Spanish language, folk stuffs, Catalonia, Basque, Galicia, mountain, beaches, so many cool and pretty folks, football (FC Barcelona*) and road cycling (Mikel Landa* and David de la Cruz*). Sweden: IKEA*, Volvo, H&M, Pewdiepie, liberalism, winter sports and so many cool and pretty folks. Switzerland: Neutral, mountain, chocolate, cheese, fondue, Victorinox knifes, skiing, Mathias Frank* and plenty of cool and pretty folks but random in one way. The Netherlands: Former colonizer, windmill*, tulip*, weed, liberalism, cheese*, wooden shoes, so many cool and pretty folks and road cycling* (Bauke Mollema*, Tom Dumoulin* and Dylan Groenewegen*). Turkey: Former superpower, leader of Turkic and Altaic, kebab, soap operas, football, half-cool and half-lousy folks and easy to pronounce names. Ukraine: Crimea, football, great folk stuffs, random stuffs and plenty of cool and pretty yet random folks. UK: Former superpower and colonizer, English language, great popular culture, many celebrities, Scotland^, Wales^ and so many cool and pretty folks but random in some way. Vatican City: Home of Roman Catholic. ^Wales: Sheep, Celtic culture, weird language, weird names, Gareth Bale*, Geraint Thomas* and Owain Doull*. NOTES The things are coming from my personal opinion(s) and common stereotypes in my country. The things which marked with stars are my most favorite things and people. The things which marked with ^ symbol denoted regions which resembling countries but not yet independent. “Random” means people and stuffs are unknown or only known in some way and have unpredictable aspects. Stay neutral with my answers and no negative thinking, please.
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