direct injection diagram
direct injection diagram Related Articles
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direct injection diagram Post Review
Direct Petrol Injection This diagram shows the layout of the Bosch direct injection system. Direct injection... http://t.co/ZVR4Ob65wG
I can now draw a basic box diagram of a high pressure direct injection system from memory. It better be on the test tomorrow. #College
NH-Rulz: That "Direct Exhaust Injection" diagram is so funny, lol.... http://jalopnik.com/c/19151296
direct injection diagram Q&A Review
Are car manufacturers deliberately making it harder for owners to work on their vehicles or does it seem to be a byproduct of newer technology?
It is the sign of the times. In the mid 60’s I worked for a Lincoln dealership. I still remembered every Wednesdays we have factory bulletins issued to us which we suppose to file and keep up to date. Fast forward to the late 90’s , printed repair manuals are no longer available and you have to get a subscription service - Mitchell 1 to download service information at close to $2000 a year to keep up with repair procedures, recalls and factory bulletins. Repairs are divided into engines, transmission, OBD II engine computer control diagnostic, system wiring diagrams, electronic component locator, AC and heating systems, brake systems and anti-lock, collision repairs, hybrid and EV drive systems, etc….. Nowadays, if you are out of the loop for 5 years, you are obsolete! A Tesla EV is basically a computer on wheels. Their parts are not made by the aftermarket and their drivetrain information is proprietary. They don’t want you to work on their cars because you can do more damage to the vehicle and at worst, electrocute yourself! That is why Tesla fought against laws that required dissemination of repair information by manufacturers - “The right to repair law”. To satisfy the requirement of that law, they released the repair information very slowly. Our expectancy from our cars have changed over the years. My dad worked for Henry Ford in the late 20’s. Those cars didn’t require a tool investment like the present. It is not unusual to see a tech investing many thousands of dollars for tools of their trade. Some of the specialized tools only service one or two model years! GM computer carburetors repair set, Cadillac water pump wrench that only work on their Northstar engines, Ford variable venturi carburetors to mechanical/electronic fuel injections of the Bosch D, K, KE jetronics etc. required a sizeable of investments of tools and knowledge. Nowadays, electronic tools are a must. Dual trace/4 trace oscilloscopes, OBD readers with access to CAN network and ABS are new requirement for the modern technician. Training is also high on the agenda as well as many factory or after market suppliers sponsors seminars that you have to pay to enroll and certify. The complexity is driven by governmental regulations, EPA, NHTSA, ecological and climate change realities, fuel quality and chemistry, MPG and operating cost made possible by the evolution of faster and more powerful computer processors that control dedicated electronic networks designed to milk every ounce of energy from the fuel. Direction injection, start/stop technology, cylinder deactivation 5 to 10 speed automatic transmission or cvt transmission. Every new vehicle sold these day must have 4 wheel anti-lock brake system, power or the newer electric steering, power or electric braking system, AC and heating system, rear view camera, blind spot warning system, collision avoidance sensors and actuators, air bags/side curtains/seat belts. Options that are almost standard are automatic braking system, surround view cameras, thrust vectoring system on AWDs, multi-speaker stereo/cd system with sub-woofers, GPS, climate control, power windows/door lock/sliding door control/remote trunk opening and closing, and so on. The result of all these changes: Vehicles are safer per million mile of driving, pollution per vehicle mile is much lower. Maintenance intervals are longer. Engines and drive trains are warrantied for 100,000 miles and can last 200,000+ miles with conscientious maintenance. MPG for vehicles have been improving year after year. Turbo charging allowed a 4 cylinder 2.7 liter GM engine to produce over 310 HP for their 2019 Silverado pickup, more than V8s just a decade ago. The term “Tune-up” is obsolete as engine computer does it many times a second and sparkplugs last over 100,000 miles. Tires last 80,000 miles. Synthetic oil good for 7,500 to 15,000 miles between changes. Timing belt changes are getting to be a thing of the past. The only thing that hasn’t change is the car owner’s knowledge of their vehicle. They have not kept up and most have resigned themselves to let the dealerships do the work. They have been made obsolete by those advances. So what can they do? change wipers, light bulbs and may be engine oil and filter.
By how much does driving at 200 km/h instead of 100 km/h increase the fuel consumption?
Of course, the make and exact model of the car should be given in order to provide a precise answer, but the question is very interesting anyway. It took me a lot of time and research to compile some real world data. The result is shown (in l/100 km) in the tables below, established by compilation of the 1987 to 1996 editions of the “Automobil Catalog” published yearly by the Swiss “Automobil Revue”. These were the years in which they meticulously recorded and published the fuel consumption at stabilized speeds from 60 to 180 km/h for the cars they thoroughly tested. Unfortunately they didn’t test it at 200 km/h, but it can be inferred with a sufficient precision by extrapolation, slightly extending the curved line we would obtain on a diagram. I added to these the data provided by VW for the Golf VI 1.4 TSI in 120 hp variant and by Alfa Romeo for the 147 Multijet JTD. About diesel cars, I found the same data for only 3 models with direct injection engines. The older ones with swirl chamber indirect injection are obsolete and their fuel consumption is no longer relevant today. On the contrary, I could not include in my table all the huge amount of data they published relative to the hundreds of car models they tested during those years. I just selected some typical ones. The result shows that the ratio (R) of fuel consumption increase between 100 and 200 km/h is comprised between 1.86 and 4.49. There are certainly some more extreme cases, but I didn’t find data about them. The above graph shows the power in kW absorbed by the rolling resistance (in red), the aerodynamic drag (blue) and the total running resistance (yellow) of a modern midsize car. The ratio of the power needed at 100 km/h (about 14 kW) and at 200 km/h (about 80 kW) is 5.7, but this number must be divided by 2 to find the energy consumed to drive a certain distance, since at a doubled speed the car goes twice as far during a given laps of time. Thus, the energy consumption ratio we are seeking is shown by the yellow line to be 2.85. According to the curves on the graph below, which is not in power (kW) but in force (N), this ratio is 1050 N / 375 N = 2.8 for the Opel Calibra, 1200 N / 400 N = 3 for the Toyota Prius II and 1450 N / 460 N = 3.15 for the Golf V. The fuel consumption curves follow the same pattern, but they do not exactly match the above curves because the specific fuel consumption (SFC or BSFC) of the engine (in g/kW.h or any other units) diminishes with load (torque required and developed) but grow with revs. A typical fuel consumption diagram, showing a ratio of 200 / 100 km/h of 15.2 / 6.4 l/100 km = 2.38 Below is the diagram published by Volkswagen for a Golf VI 1.4 TSI. Interestingly, this car has a top speed of 200 km/h provided by its 90 kW engine. Since a fuel consumption of about 15 l/100 km at 200 km/h would be shown by extending the dark blue curve for its 6th gear, we can calculate the engine’s BSFC at top speed. With the 6th gear 2.66 overall transmission ratio and 205/55R16 tires, the 1.4 TSI runs at 4600 rpm at 200 km/h. According to its power and torque curve, it develops about 89 kW at that rpm: 15 liters of gasoline at a density of 0,74 means 11.1 kg burned during the 30 minutes needed to drive 100 km at 200 km/h, thus 22.2 kg/h. Dividing these 22,200 g/h by 89 kW gives a BSFC 250 g/kW.h, which is an excellent performance for a turbocharged spark ignition engine at almost full power. 15 x 0.74 x 2 / 89 = 0.250 I didn’t find the BSFC map for this exact engine, but the above result is consistent with the map for the, VW Golf 1.4 TSI “Twincharger” 125 kW ,version below: This map also shows the BSFC on the car speed lines in 5th and 6th gears. It is below 250 g/kW.h between 160 and 212 km/h. At 120 km/h in 5th gear, it is at 300 g/kW.h. At opposite of the spectrum, the1987 Mazda 323 4WD Turbo 16 burned roughly 35 l/100 km using all its 100 kW at a top speed of 200 km/h: that’s an awful BSFC of 518 g/kW.h ! 35 x 0.74 x 2 = 518 Turbocharged spark ignition engines had to run with a very rich mixture at full power in order to avoid burning their exhaust turbine, or else have a turbine wheel in very expensive superaloy able to withstand up to 1050° C. This is now avoided by the use of direct injection, ,Miller timing, and pivoting stator vanes for variable turbine geometry, like in the ,VW 1.5 TSI evo,, which has a “diesel like” BSFC of 238 g/kW.h at full power. BSFC map of the VW 1.5 TSI evo Fuel consumption in top gear for various cars. Powerful cars with an efficient engine and a low drag coefficient (low Cd) have the most flat curve. Sources: Auto-innovations.com Catalogs of the Revue Automobile Volkswagen Alfa Romeo
Are diesel engines direct injection engines by definition?
Before CRDI diesel engines (you can blame Fiat for this), mechanical injected diesel engines were in two classes. Direct injection had a bowl or shape in the crown of the piston. Indirect injection diesels had a precombustion chamber fed by a small diameter hole between the top of the piston in the cylinder head and a chamber in the cylinder head. The hole through to the prechamber was fairly small say 1/4″ (6mm) dia for engines up to around 3 litre and was offset to the prechamber to promote swirl. Such engines often had a higher compression pressure typically 20:1 to 23:1 to compensate for heat loss in the throat to the prechamber. diagram indirect injection diesel Left diagram is indirect injection and the right is direct injection. CRDI engines are all direct injection even if the shape of the combustion chamber in the piston varies.
Is it possible to have a supercharger and a turbo?
Yes, the combination has been marketed as “twincharging”. The most famous application is the Lancia Delta S4 that contested the World Rally Championship in the Group B era of the mid-1980s immortalised in the documentary “Too Fast to Race”. It used a supercharger to compensate for the turbo lag associated with large turbochargers of the day (improvement in design of turbochargers and control systems means that modern turbocharger installations are more flexible): ,Technical Curiosities: Twincharging,. It has been employed more recently by Volkswagon on their acclaimed direct injection 1.4 TSI (see schematic diagram on ,How does twin-charging work?, for the arrangement that Volkswagon used, different to that chosen by Lancia). Volvo has also employed a twincharger arrangement in its 2.0 L inline 4 cylinder Drive-E T6 with enough success to be recognised in Wards 10 Best Engines of 2016 (,Volvo’s T6 Engine Part of Bold Powertrain Strategy,), and the high performance Polestar version won an award in 2017 (,2017 Winner: Volvo V60 Polestar 2.0L Turbo/Supercharged DOHC 4-Cyl.,). The main flaw of the twincharger system is its complexity and expense: ,Volkswagen's Superb TwinCharger Engine Meets Its Maker,.
I want to know about the pressure-angle (crank) diagram for CNG direct injection engines. What are some links or other references?
Rohit Sancheti, chill mar.... JJ
What will be the positive effect of putting gasoline in my diesel car? My mechanic advised to put 1L of gasoline in a full tank of my diesel car, to try and fix "hiccups" the engine sometimes has. Do you think it's worth it?
I don’t know what you mean by "hiccups" and how a bit of gasoline would fix it; but contrary to what the other answer are stating, a liter of gasoline in a full tank of 50 - 70 liters won’t cause engine problems. In any case, use the lowest octane gasoline you can find because the cetane rating, which assesses the ability of a diesel fuel to ignite, is antagonist to the octane rating. Contrary to a spark ignition engine, in a diesel engine the fuel must ignite spontaneously as easily as possible under the effect of the heat produced by compression of the air. The ignition delay, which should be as short as possible, depends to a considerable degree on the properties of the fuel. This characteristic is defined by the cetane rating. The zero of the scale is given by the value of methyl-naphthalene, which has a high resistance to ignition, and the value 100 is given by the n-cetane which is easily ignited. In 1982, I bought a new a Mitsubishi Galant Turbo Diesel. Its owner manual specifically advised to mix up to 30% of regular gasoline to the diesel fuel by cold weather in order to lower the fuel freezing temperature and ease engine start. At the time, all car’s diesel engines had Ricardo Comet swirl chambers (or pre-chambers in Mercedes) indirect injection. Direct injection diesels wouldn’t be happy with such a hight percentage of gasoline, but 2% of regular won’t even be felt. It will just slightly increase the ignition delay and combustion pressure. Note: cylinder peak combustion pressure is around 200 bar in modern, ,diesels, but this diagram shows the trend. Fuel inflammation and combustion in a direct injection diesel (Bosch picture) There’s a Quora answer somewhere in which a guy mistakenly filled the tank of a rented recent Renault Clio diesel with gasoline. He was then advised to complete the tank with diesel fuel as soon as possible several times on his trip through France in order to dilute the gasoline. The car performed flawlessly till he gave it back to the rental agency at the end of his long trip. This article, states that gasoline may damage the exhaust post-treatment systems, but I couldn’t find any serious technical info about it. In any case, I don’t think a little bit of gasoline in a diesel car would cause any significant damage.
What are the basics of IC engine?
I would like to explain the concept in layman terms using Human body as Analogous with an IC engine, The answer is going to be bit longer ,its better to take a popcorn with you , , , ,If someone looks into the basics of human and an IC engine things look to be similar, Both Humans and IC engines are Heat Engines ,- ,as both systems convert heat energy into usefull work . In an IC engine Heat is produced by combustion of fuel ,which releases large quantity of heat causing the mixture to expand .This moves the piston down generating work. , Both requires some type of fuel to sustain under working condition -,Humans require water and food ,while IC engines use Gasoline ,Diesel,CNG,Nitromethane etc as fuel Not only fuel is needed they also require Require AIR for survival,-In an IC engine Air (oxygen) is required for combustion. Humans use mouth to break the food taken in and aids in mixing the food with with saliva etc , ,.In IC engine the fuel is Broken down into Fine droplets using a carburetor or Fuel injectors.They also aid in blending them with Air Digestion takes place in digestive system .,In IC engine combustion takes place inside a cylinder Both system cannot convert all the fuel taken in as usefull work .,In IC engines energy is lost as heat loss by ,Convection, ,,Thermal conduction,,,Thermal radiation,. And mechanical losses include Friction loses. Like a human brain a ,Engine control unit, (ECU) controls the all actions of engine. Now into the Basics of IC engines IC engines are generally classified into Spark ignition engines and Compression ignition engines . Further they are classified as a Two stroke and Four stroke engine. Petrol engines, Petrol engines work on ,Otto cycle, 1-2 is isentropic compression ,,,2-3 constant volume heat addition ,,,3-4 isentropic expansion ,4-1 Constant volume heat rejection Dont get puzzled as Isentropic means its a reversible process (no energy is lost while compression) and there is no heat transfer away from the system or to the system (adiabatic) Constant volume heat addition ( In petrol engine combustion is initiated by Spark plug) so your not adding any volume to the system. The blue lines indicate mass of air entering the cylinder during suction ,and Green lines indicate exhaust gas leaving the system Air and fuel mixture enters the cylinder ,during intake stroke. Diesel Cycle , Diesel engine works on ,Diesel cycle The diesel cycle just differs generally from Otto cycle by the way of heat addition .In diesel engine is heat is added at constant pressure .(as diesel is injected into cylinders to initiate combustion) Only air enters the cylinder during intake stroke Parts of engine Stroke , Initially the basic word we here is stroke,. Stroke is the distance traveled by piston from TDC to BDC or vice versa . Displacement volume ,Displacement volume ( termed as Cubic centimeter CC of engine) ,when some one buys a bike or car ,first thing a second person, ,asks is whats its CC,. For a multi cylinder engine the total displacement is summation of stroke volume of each cylinder . ,For example , ,1200cc = 1.2litre Clearance volume, The requirement of clearance volume is prevent the piston from hitting the valves or the injectors There is also a limitation for the volume of compression of air . Because the potential energy of the air resists compression . ,Air -fuel ratio, This is known as Stoichiometric ratio,it denotes amount of air required for complete combustion of fuel . The stoichiometric ratio for Petrol is 14.7 : 1 and for diesel is 14.5 : 1, ., , , Modern diesel engine (direct injected do not follow such air fuel ratios , they blindly take in some mass of air based on Valve timing. This is because Diesel engines are heterogeneous,,,Fuel and air mixed before end of compression. When an engine is operating , the air fuel ratio is frequently changed by the ECU to regulate fuel consumption, (petrol engine), Rich mixture :, Here the amount of fuel taken will be higher than stoichiometric ratio . ,11:1 or 12:1 Lean mixture : ,Here amount of fuel supplied will be less than stoichiometric ration, . 15:1 ,16:1 Staring mixture : ,To start a engine (cold start) , a mixture of about ,7:1, is followed Now coming to the topic when they are used ,, Rich mixture ,is used when accelerating or when load of engine rises,.while lean mixture ,used for Coasting and or while braking Four stroke petrol engine -In a four stroke engine a cycle is completed in four stroke , ie 2 revolutions of crankshaft,., ,-,There is power stroke of every 2 revolutions of crankshaft ,., ,Four stroke diesel engine, Two stroke Engine -In two stroke engine the working cycle is completed in two strokes ,1 revolution of crank shaft. -A power stroke for every revolution of crank. ,Cooling of engines, ,-,As large amount of heat is rejected heat must be constanty removed else it will lead to Missfire or it will cause high thermal stress on the engine,., Engine lubrication, As the lubrication oil is supplied to all parts of engine which are under relative motion Methods of lubrication - Dry sump, Scoop method ,Mist type,using pumps Parts of engine, Crankshaft,Camshaft,Valves,piston ,piston rings,connecting rod,flywheel,manifolds,carburetors or fuel injectors Piston rings are used to seal the combustion chamber and space below the piston ,generally tow compression rings and one oil rings are used,. Oil ring is used to scrap lubricating in the cylinders ,Compression ratio compression ratio = (V1+V2)/V1 Compression of a fuel is decided by ,Octane rating, of fuel for a petrol engine , and ,Cetane number, for diesel engine .Fuels with higher numbers can be used in petrol engine and those with higher cetane number can be used in diesel engine. Actual working of engines , Volumetric efficiency of engine is , defined ,ratio of ,Volume of charge taken and stroke volume Always volumetric efficiency of engine is less than 1 . In actual working cycles a ,Stroke is not completed is 180' rotation of crank, . In order to increase the volumetric efficiency the inlet valves open earlier (before TDC ) and they close after BDC. Fuel is also ignited or injected before the piston reaches TDC This is shown by a valve timing diagram ,Actual working cycle charts, ,Forced induction, This is a method to increase volumetric efficiency of a engine , the method is simple ,,supplying air under pressure,. Turbochargers and superchargers are the key to modern engines As more air (oxygen ) is added in the engine develops more power without increasing the CC of engine Turbocharger (driven by exhaust gas), A turbo charger can reach higher rpm than engine rpm . It adds around 25-30 % extra power to engine when working under effective condition Non parasitic as a supercharger Most engine use only Centrifugal charger Turbo lag is the downside of turbocharger. Under lower rpms the engine does not produce enough to spool up the turbine. hence in lower rpms turbo lag is experienced ( there is time lag between when the gas pedal is pressed and power is delivered) Super charger ( driven by engine ), Driven by engine a supercharger consumes about 10-15% power form engine and produces 25- 30 % extra power Screw and vane chargers are mostly used due to its compactness Twin chargers, Things to note :P, Power is produced only during power stroke, rest of the strokes receives power from flywheel. Flywheel is a wheel of high moment of inertia which can store mechanical energy (like spring) ,while spring stores potential energy the flywheel stores kinetic energy.This stored energy can be delivered when required Some of my other answers related to this topic What is the difference between diesel engine and petrol engine? What is the difference between fuel injection engine and carbureted engine in bikes? Why diesel is not used in bikes? In a 1.6L V6 engine, what does the 1.6L refer to? What thing makes 'petrol' engines to run at more RPM than 'diesel' engines? Why are major advantages & disadvantages of diesel & petrol engines (for city use)? In car engines, what is better: 100bhp@1500cc or 100bhp@2500cc What is blowdown in ic engine? What is indicated thermal efficiency? What would happen if we supply diesel to a petrol car and vice versa? Why isn't the 6-phase green engine being used? Till date no disadvantages have been found. What is the difference between lugging and knocking of a bike engine? Which engine is more efficient, powerful and recommended? Diesel or petrol?
What are the differences between MPFIS (multi point fuel injection system) and a carburetor?
Carburettor is the older technology, that is rarely seen in cars these days. Although it still comes in scooters and motorcycles. Carburettor basically mixes fuel and air together before it enters the engine cylinder. Carburettor works on Bernoulli's principle. It has an air passage with varying cross-section. In the region where the cross-section is least, the air velocity is highest. This high air velocity causes pressure drop in that region, creating partial vacuum and forcing fuel from fuel tank to enter into the throttle body through a jet. As the throttle valve is opened (via accelerator peddle), more air enters the throttle body causing more fuel to mix and hence greater amount of charge enters the cylinder. In a MPFI (Multi point fuel injection) system, there is no carburettor. Fuel is sprayed into the air stream via fuel injectors that are place just before intake valve. The amount of fuel being sprayed is controlled by car's ECU (electronic control unit), which gets data from various sensors like throttle position sensor, oxygen sensor, manifold absolute pressure sensor, mass air flow sensor. It works in closed loop system with these sensors and continuously monitors the amount of fuel required. In the above diagram, a) shows throttle body injection, where one single fuel injector is present in the throttle body and its fuel is distributed in different cylinders. b) shows MPFI, where each cylinder has its individual fuel injector just before the intake valve. c) shows GDI (gasoline direct injection), where the injector injects fuel directly into the cylinder and only air enters through intake valve.
What does the "CRDI" mean in the cars?
CRDi stands for Common rail direct injection which means direct injection of fuel into the cylinder of a diesel engine through a single common line called common rail which is connected to fuel injectors. This is a called a common rail because there is one single pump which compresses the diesel and one single rail which contains that compressed fuel. In conventional diesel engines, there will be as many pumps and fuel rails as there are cylinders. HISTORY: The common rail system prototype was developed in the late 1960s byRobert Huber of Switzerland and the technology further developed by Dr. MarcoGanser at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, later ofGanser-Hydromag AG (est.1995) in Oberägeri. The first successful usage in aproduction vehicle began in Japan by the mid-1990s. Modern common rail systems,whilst working on the same principle, are governed by an engine control unit(ECU) which opens each injector electronically rather than mechanically. This was extensively prototypes in the 1990s with collaboration between MagnetiMarelli, Centro Ricerche Fiat and Elasis. The first passenger car that used the common rail system was the 1997 model Alfa Romeo 156 2.4 JTD, and later on that same year Mercedes-Benz C 220 CDI. PRINCIPLE OF CRDI: Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides better fuel atomisation. In order to lower engine noise, the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimizing injection timing and quantity for variations in fuel quality, cold starting and so on.Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many as five injections per stroke. LAYOUT OFTYPICAL CRDI SYSTEM: WORKING: Pressure generation takes place in the high-pressure pump. The pump compresses the fuel at the pressures at about 1,000 bar or about 15,000 psi. It then supplies the fuel via high-pressure pipe to the inlet of the rail. From there, the fuel is distributed to the individual injectors, which inject it into the cylinder’s combustion chamber. The CRDi technology works in tandem with the engine ECU which gets inputs from various sensors to calculate precise quantity of fuel and timing of injection. In CRDi,the fuel system components are more intelligent which are controlled electrically / electronically. The conventional injectors are replaced with advanced electrically operated solenoid injectors. Injectors are opened with an ECU signal depending upon the variables such as engine speed, load, engine temperature etc. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: COMPONENTS: 1. High Pressure Fuel Pump 2. Common Fuel Rail 3. Injectors 4. Engine Control Unit High pressure fuel pump: It pressurizes the fuel to very high pressures of about 1,000 bar. An electronically controlled fuel injection pump utilizes microcomputer to control fuel injection quantity and injection timing according to running conditions of the engine. Unlike conventional mechanical control,fuel injection quantity and injection timing are controlled electronically,thereby resulting in fine and accurate control. It can be referred to as Electronic Control Diesel or ECD Electronic Control Unit: ECU monitors Engine variables such as Temperature, intake pressure, RPM , air mass intake , demand for power (from accelerator) , provides real time control, modifies injection pressure precisely as needed , based on data obtained from cam and crankshaft. Electronic fuel injector: A fuel injector is nothing but an electronically controlled valve. It is supplied with pressurized fuel by the fuel pump in your car, and it is capable of opening and closing many times per second. It is of two types Solenoid and piezoelectric fuel injector. .
How can I increase the efficiency of a four stroke engine?
The four stroke, spark ignition (SI) engine pressure–volume diagram, (,p,–,V,) ,contains two main parts. They are the compression–combustion–expansion (high pressure loop) and the exhaust-intake (low pressure or gas exchange loop) parts. The main reason for efficiency decrease at part load conditions for these types of engines is the ,flow restriction at the cross sectional area of the intake system by partially closing the throttle valve,, which leads to increased pumping losses and to increased low pressure loop area on the ,p,–,V, diagram. The practical methods and new technology that help in increasing the efficiency of the internal combustion engines are as follows: Regenerative braking,: As braking a car or automobile wastes the kinetic energy in the form of heat, regenerative braking is ideal method when you want to brake your vehicle to control speed (like when going downhill). In this electromagnetic braking is done as small motors absorb the energy and convert it into battery energy. Variable Injection Timing,: This is already used in Maritime engines. At low loads and speeds, the injection is advanced allowing same mean effective pressure to be maintained. This not only increases the efficiency of the engine as the scavenge pressure is maintained, it also allows for lower quality fuel to be burnt. Variable valve timing,: In this method the exhaust and inlet valves opening and closing time can be varied, affecting the efficiency of the engine. This method can increase the efficiency by 4 to 5%. Cutting off cylinders:, In large engines in cruising or going downhill, half of the cylinders can be cut off thus reducing fuel demand. It cannot be done on small engines as the engine would become rough. Turbochargers:, A turbocharger is an exhaust gas recovery device that increases boost air pressure thereby optimising combustion. It increases efficiency by 7 to 8%. Direct Fuel Injection:, In previous engines, the fuel was mixed with air and injected, but nowadays fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber and mixing takes place according to the profile of the combustion chamber. It increases efficiency by 11 to 13%. Twin spark plugs and multiple injectors: ,As the flame front starts from the spark plug and proceeds outward, some fuel remains un burnt as ejected before the flame front can reach it. In a twin spark plug cylinder two flame fronts are created, causing better combustion. Using the correct viscosity of lubricating oil,, as viscous oil can result in losses due to friction. Integrated starter and generator systems:, In this system the engine is immediately stopped when idling and started when the accelerator is pressed. Refrences : ,ScienceDirect,, ,Bright Hub Engineering - Just another WordPress site
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